Lecture 1: Intro to evolution + The cell theory Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms share ___.

A

5 fundamental characteristics

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2
Q

Fundamental characteristic #1: All organisms are made up of membrane-bound cells

A

Cells

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3
Q

Fundamental characteristic #2: All organisms are capable of reproduction

A

Replication

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4
Q

Fundamental characteristic #3: Population of organisms are continually evolving

A

Evolution

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5
Q

Fundamental characteristic #4: All organisms process hereditary info encoded in genes as well as info from the environment

A

Information

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6
Q

Fundamental concept #5: All organisms acquire and use energy

A

Energy

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7
Q

How many theories form the framework for modern biological science?

A

3 theories

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8
Q

What is a theory? (3 points)

A
  • Explanation for a broad class of phenomena or observations
  • Supported by a wide body of evidence
  • Differs from “speculation” or “guess”
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9
Q

What does “the cell theory” explain?

A

What are organisms made of?

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10
Q

What does “the theory of evolutions by natural selection” explain?

A

Where do organisms come from?

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11
Q

What does “the chromosome theory of inheritance” explain?

A

How is hereditary info transmitted from one generation to the next?

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12
Q

CELL THEORY: who were the first to observe cells in the late 1600s?

A

Robert Hooke + Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

What is a cell? (3 points)

A
  • Highly organized compartment
  • Bounded by plasma membrane
  • Contain concentrated chemicals in aqueous solution
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14
Q

The cell theory states that

A
  • All organisms are made of cells
  • All cells come from preexisting cells
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15
Q

The smallest cell (200nm) is? MG

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (5000 could fit side-by-side within one mm)

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16
Q

The largest cell is (2,384 acres) AO

A

Armillaria ostoyae (About 9.5 x larger than McMaster’s entire campus (~300 acres)

17
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A
  • A TESTABLE statement that explains something observed
  • An EXPERIMENT allows researchers to test the effect of a factor on a particular phenomenon
  • a PREDICTION is a measurable/observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid
18
Q

Hypothesis =/ Prediction: T OR F?

19
Q

What is hypothesis? (in terms of x+y)

A

X- explanatory/independent variable)
affects/predicts
Y- response/dependent variable

Does NOT IMPLY direction

20
Q

What is predicton? (in terms of x+y)

A

X- explanatory/independent variable
increases/decreases
Y- response/dependent variable

IMPLIES direction

21
Q

Where do cells come from (2 competing hyptheses)

A
  1. Spontaneous generation
  2. Cell theory
22
Q

Hypothesis #1 is:
- Prevailing paradigm until mid 1800’s
- Organisms could arise spontaneously under certain conditions
- Bacteria + fungi that spoils food (milk + wine)
-> springing to life from nonliving materials

A

Spontaneous generation

23
Q

Hypothesis #2 is:
- All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

A

Cell theory

24
Q

Louis Pasteur’s hypothesis? (2 points)

A
  • Cells arise from cells
  • Cells do not arise by spontaneous generation
25
Louis Pasteur’s? (in terms of x+y)
X = presence of preexisting cells Y = cells arise (i.e., cell growth)
26
What is "the presence of preexisting cells affects cell growth" an example of?
Hypothesis
27
What is "The presence of preexisting cells does not affect cell growth" an example of?
Null Hypothesis
28
What is "Preexisting cells are required for cell growth to occur" and "Cells will not grow in the absence of preexisting cells" an example of?
Predictions
29
What experiment does this occur: - Nutrient broth in straight necked flask - Boil to sterilize flask killing living cells - Pre exisiting cells enter flask from air
Pasteur experiment w/ straight necked flasks (All-Cells-from-Cells Hypotheses tested)
30
What experiement does this occur: - Place nutrient broth in swan-necked flask - Boil to sterilize flask killing living cells - Preexisiting cells from air are trapped in swan neck
Pasteur experiment w/ swan-necked flasks (Spontaneous Hypotheses tested)