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biology 1m03 > Lecture 1: Intro to evolution + The cell theory > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to evolution + The cell theory Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

All organisms share ___.

A

5 fundamental characteristics

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2
Q

Fundamental characteristic #1: All organisms are made up of membrane-bound cells

A

Cells

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3
Q

Fundamental characteristic #2: All organisms are capable of reproduction

A

Replication

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4
Q

Fundamental characteristic #3: Population of organisms are continually evolving

A

Evolution

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5
Q

Fundamental characteristic #4: All organisms process hereditary info encoded in genes as well as info from the environment

A

Information

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6
Q

Fundamental concept #5: All organisms acquire and use energy

A

Energy

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7
Q

How many theories form the framework for modern biological science?

A

3 theories

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8
Q

What is a theory? (3 points)

A
  • Explanation for a broad class of phenomena or observations
  • Supported by a wide body of evidence
  • Differs from “speculation” or “guess”
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9
Q

What does “the cell theory” explain?

A

What are organisms made of?

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10
Q

What does “the theory of evolutions by natural selection” explain?

A

Where do organisms come from?

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11
Q

What does “the chromosome theory of inheritance” explain?

A

How is hereditary info transmitted from one generation to the next?

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12
Q

CELL THEORY: who were the first to observe cells in the late 1600s?

A

Robert Hooke + Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

What is a cell? (3 points)

A
  • Highly organized compartment
  • Bounded by plasma membrane
  • Contain concentrated chemicals in aqueous solution
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14
Q

The cell theory states that

A
  • All organisms are made of cells
  • All cells come from preexisting cells
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15
Q

The smallest cell (200nm) is? MG

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (5000 could fit side-by-side within one mm)

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16
Q

The largest cell is (2,384 acres) AO

A

Armillaria ostoyae (About 9.5 x larger than McMaster’s entire campus (~300 acres)

17
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A
  • A TESTABLE statement that explains something observed
  • An EXPERIMENT allows researchers to test the effect of a factor on a particular phenomenon
  • a PREDICTION is a measurable/observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid
18
Q

Hypothesis =/ Prediction: T OR F?

A

True

19
Q

What is hypothesis? (in terms of x+y)

A

X- explanatory/independent variable)
affects/predicts
Y- response/dependent variable

Does NOT IMPLY direction

20
Q

What is predicton? (in terms of x+y)

A

X- explanatory/independent variable
increases/decreases
Y- response/dependent variable

IMPLIES direction

21
Q

Where do cells come from (2 competing hyptheses)

A
  1. Spontaneous generation
  2. Cell theory
22
Q

Hypothesis #1 is:
- Prevailing paradigm until mid 1800’s
- Organisms could arise spontaneously under certain conditions
- Bacteria + fungi that spoils food (milk + wine)
-> springing to life from nonliving materials

A

Spontaneous generation

23
Q

Hypothesis #2 is:
- All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

A

Cell theory

24
Q

Louis Pasteur’s hypothesis? (2 points)

A
  • Cells arise from cells
  • Cells do not arise by spontaneous generation
25
Q

Louis Pasteur’s? (in terms of x+y)

A

X = presence of preexisting cells
Y = cells arise (i.e., cell growth)

26
Q

What is “the presence of preexisting cells affects cell growth” an example of?

A

Hypothesis

27
Q

What is “The presence of preexisting cells does not affect cell growth” an example of?

A

Null Hypothesis

28
Q

What is “Preexisting cells are required for cell growth to occur” and “Cells will not grow in the absence of preexisting cells” an example of?

A

Predictions

29
Q

What experiment does this occur:
- Nutrient broth in straight necked flask
- Boil to sterilize flask killing living cells
- Pre exisiting cells enter flask from air

A

Pasteur experiment w/ straight necked flasks (All-Cells-from-Cells Hypotheses tested)

30
Q

What experiement does this occur:
- Place nutrient broth in swan-necked flask
- Boil to sterilize flask killing living cells
- Preexisiting cells from air are trapped in swan neck

A

Pasteur experiment w/ swan-necked flasks (Spontaneous Hypotheses tested)

biology 1m03 (12 decks)

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