Lecture 2 - The Spanish Flu & other (other: Pg. 2 to 12)

Question 1

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 affected an estimated ________ people worldwide and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims

Answer 1

estimated 500 million people worldwide

Question 2

Why did so many people die during the Spanish flu outbreak?

When people are infected by the flu virus, their a) __________ system responds to produce communication chemicals called b) ______

Answer 2

a) inflammatory system b) cytokines

Question 3

Why did so many people die during the Spanish flu outbreak?

Sometimes, the cytokine response is massive resulting in a _______ such as we see in
many individuals who are infected with COVID-19.

Answer 3

cytokine storm

Question 4

Why did so many people die during the Spanish flu outbreak?

Many people in 1918 got a)______ infections caused by bacteria known as b) ________
pneumonia that developed as a secondary infection.

Answer 4

a) secondary b) Streptococcus

Question 5

Streptococci bacteria cause pneumonia using what genetic material?

Answer 5

Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material using Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 6

Griffith’s Transformation Experiment (1928):

1. The ____ ______ kills the mice
2. THe R-Strain or the heat killed ___ ____ do not kill

3 . However, when live ____ are mixed with heat-killed ___ a _____ principle passes from
the heat-killed ____ to the ____ that makes them virulent.

4. Griffith ______ ______ the nature of the transforming principle

Answer 6

1. S-strain
2. heat-killed S - Strain
3. R, S, transforming principle
4. Didn’t know

Question 7

Griffith’s Transformation Experiment (1928):

1. Mice injected with live cells of the R strain ___ ____ get pneumonia and do not die.
2. Mice injected with live cells of the __ _____ get pneumonia and die.
3. Mice injected with ____ ____ S cells do not get pneumonia and do not die.
4. Mice injected with live __ ___ and heat-killed S cells get pneumonia and die.

Answer 7

1. do not
2. live cells of the S-strain
3. heat-killed S-cells
4. live R cells

Question 8

Avery, McCloud and McCarty experiment 1944:

1. Determination of the transforming material
   by a process of _____

Answer 8

Elimination

Question 9

Components of DNA:

1. DNA is a long polymer made of __________ composed of ______ types of molecules in the order ______ , _____ , ______________.
2. The 5-carbon sugar in DNA is called ______.
3. The 4 nitrogen bases in DNA are: ____, _____, _____, _____. Which one of the four is solely common to DNA?
4. The sugar in DNA has an _____ at carbon #2

Components of RNA:

1. RNA is _____-stranded.
2. The 5-carbon sugar RNA is called _____
3. RNA contains a _____ _______ like DNA
4. The four nitrogen bases in RNA are: ____, _____, _____, _____. Which one of the four is solely common to RNA?
5. The sugar in RNA has an _____ at carbon #2

Components of DNA & RNA

1. Adenine and Guanine are ________ , while Cytosine and Thymine are ________.
2. In the bases of DNA and RNA, Cytosine is a pyrimidine located in _____ and _____. ______ is a pyrimidine located in _____ only. Guanine is a _____ located in ______ and ______. _____ is a purine located ______ and ______.

Answer 9

Components of DNA:
1. deoxynucleotides, 3, Phosphate (PO4-), Sugar (deoxyribose), 1 of 4 nitrogen bases (Adenine, Thymine [T is only in DNA], Guanine, Cytosine)

2. deoxyribose
3. Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine. Thymine is only in DNA
4. Hydrogen (carbon # 2)

Components of RNA:
1. single-stranded

2. 5 carbon sugar: ribose
3. phosphate group like DNA (PO4-)
4. Four nitrogen bases in RNA are: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil (common to RNA). Uracil is common to RNA.
5. Hydroxol (carbon #2)

Components of DNA & RNA
1. Adenine and Guanine: purines
Cytosine and Thymine: pyrimidines

2. Cytosine is a pyrimidine located in DNA and RNA.
   Thymine is a pyrimidine located in DNA only.
   Guanine is a purine located in DNA and RNA.
   Adenine is a purine located in DNA and RNA.

Question 10

Components of DNA & RNA: Nucleic Acids

The ____ building blocks of nucleic acids are ____ (DNA only), _____ (RNA only), and _____ (Both RNA and DNA). They are grouped under ____________ (Both RNA and DNA)

Answer 10

3, deoxyribose (DNA only), Ribose (RNA only), and Phosphate group (Both RNA and DNA).
They are grouped under Deoxyribonucleotides.

Question 11

AMP, ADP and ATP: ATP is used for what functions in the cell?

1. _____ ______ provides the energy
   needed for many essential processes in
   organisms and cells.
2. Essential processes include ______ _______,
   DNA and RNA synthesis, ______
   signalling, synaptic signalling, ____ ______ , and muscle contraction.
3. A stands for ______ Adenosine
4. AMP stands for _______ _______
5. ADP stands for _______ ______
6. ATP stands for ______ _______

Answer 11

1. ATP hydrolysis
2. intracellular signalling, Purinergic Signaling, active transport
3. A: Adenosine
4. AMP: Adenosine Monophosphate
5. ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate
6. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 12

NTPs and dNTPs: The sugar - RNA & DNA

1. When the sugar is ribose (RNA), we have ____ ______ NTPs such as ATP, ____, GTP and _____ which are components of RNA.
2. When the sugar deoxyribose (DNA) is present, we have ____ which is a component of dNTPs: dATP, _______, dGTP, _______.

NTPs and dNTPs: The base - RNA & DNA

1. RNA: Replace ______ in ATP with cytosine to make ____, with guanine to make GTP, with
   ____ to become UTP.
2. DNA: _____ in dATP becomes cytosine in dCTP, with ______ to become dGTP, with
   thymine to become dTTP.

Answer 12

NTPs and dNTPs: The sugar - RNA & DNA

1. nucleotide triphosphates – NTPs, ATP, CTP, GTP and UTP
2. dATP - component of DNA dNTPs
   (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP

NTPs and dNTPs: The base - RNA & DNA

1. RNA: Replace adenosine in ATP with cytosine to make CTP, with guanine to make GTP, and with uracil to become UTP
2. DNA: Adenosine in dATP becomes cytosine in dCTP, with guanine to become dGTP, with
   thymine to become dTTP.

Question 13

____ _____ and _____ ______ discovered the structure of DNA

Answer 13

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 14

The Structure of DNA:

1. James Watson and Francis Crick described the structure of DNA, on _________, partly
   due to information on the structure of an X-ray crystal of DNA ________ taken by _______ ______ in Maurice Wilkins’s lab at Kings College, England
2. Photo 51 represents an X-ray _____ image of ______ taken by Rosalind Franklin

Answer 14

1. April 25, 1953, “photo 51”, Rosalind Franklin
2. Crystallographic image of DNA

Question 15

Rosalind Franklin:

Rosalind Franklin’s (1920-1958) x-ray diffraction work played a critical role in the ____________________.

Answer 15

discovery of the structure of DNA

Question 16

What Watson and Crick knew:

1) _______ (1809-1882): Published on the origin of species and found that _______ (1809 –1882).

2) Meischer, F. (1869): showed that DNA exists. He identified what he called ________ inside the nuclei of human white blood cells.

3) _______ (1905): found the components of DNA were linked in the order ________________. He called each of these units a ________, arguing that the DNA molecule consisted of a string of four nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups.

4) Griffith, (1928); Avery, McCloud and McCarty, (1944): found that DNA is the _________ _________.

5) Schrodinger (1944): What Is Life? He described chromosome structures as ______ ____ and _____ _______” or they are “architect’s plan and builder’s craft”.

6) ______ (1950): showed that the concentration in DNA of [A] = _[__]___and []___ = [C] in individual organisms and there were wide variations from one organism to another.

7) Linus Pauling (1901-1994): was a competitor for the structure of DNA and found the ____ ____ _____ in proteins.

8) Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) and Raymond Gosling: under her supervision made ___ _____ ______ ______ including Photo 51 in 1952.

Answer 16

1. Darwin, change is the basis for evolution
2. nuclein
3. Levene, P, In the order phosphate- sugar base, nucleotide
4. genetic material
5. law-code and executive power
6. Chargaff, [A] = [T] and [G] = [T]
7. found the alpha helix structure in proteins
8. X-Ray images of DNA crystals

Question 17

What Watson and Crick determined

1. DNA is double-stranded, ____ _____, the double helix.
2. The ____ and phosphates form the ______.
3. The two DNA strands are ___ ____ which means that one strand goes in the ______’ to _____’ direction.
4. A + T or G + T will fit within the ______ of the DNA molecule so that a _____ always pairs with a pyrimidine.

Answer 17

1. right-handed
2. sugars, backbone
3. anti-parallel, 5’ to 3’ direction. (The end of one strand is 5’ and the other end of the same strand is 3’ and vice versa)
4. width, purine

Question 18

DNA Model

1. DNA is composed of two ______ _____ running in ____ ______ and wound into a helix.
2. The backbone is composed of _______ deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group.
3. Inside the molecule, an A on one strand always pairs with a _____ on the other strand, and a ______ on one strand always pairs with a G on the other strand.
4. The size of an A=T pair is the same as the size as a ____=_____pair.

Answer 18

1. 2 nucleotide chains
2. alternating deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group
3. A base on one strand always pairs with a T base on the other strand.
   A C base on one strand always pairs with a G base on the other strand.
4. size of the A = T pair is the same as the size of G = C pair

Question 19

Nucleotide Chains in a DNA Molecule:

The dotted lines between the bases represent the weak ____ _____ that hold the chains together.

Answer 19

hydrogen chemical bonds

Question 20

The Watson-Crick Model of DNA:

Two nucleotide chains are wound around a _____ ____ forming a helix. Weak chemical
bonds (dotted lines representing Hydrogen bonds) between the bases hold the two chains
together.

Answer 20

central axis