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BMS 150 > Lecture 1 - Human Cell's Organelles and locations, Plasma Membrane, Plasma Membrane proteins, Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomes, Chromatin, > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Human Cell's Organelles and locations, Plasma Membrane, Plasma Membrane proteins, Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomes, Chromatin, Flashcards

1
Q

A Typical Human Cell - Organelles and Their Locations

A

Human Cell organelles:

Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Nucleus (Nuclear Envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, Nuclear pore)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth)
Plasmic Membrane
Cytoplasm
Golgi complex
Vacuole
Centrioles
Microtubule
Lysosome

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2
Q

Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - Where is it located?

A

between plasma membrane and nucleus

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3
Q

Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What is it composed of?

A

Cytosol (the liquid that surrounds the cytoplasm and organelles)

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4
Q

Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - Function of Cytoplasmic Organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or no
membranous.

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5
Q

Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What are the Inclusions in the cytoplasm?

A

Vary with cell type (e.g., glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals)

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6
Q

Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What are the membranous organelles (MO) in the cytoplasm?

A

o Mitochondria (MO)
o Endoplasmic reticulum (MO)
o Golgi apparatus (MO)
o Peroxisomes (MO)
o Lysosomes (MO)

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7
Q

Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What are the non-membranous organelles (NMO) in the cytoplasm?

A

o Cytoskeleton (NMO)
o Centrioles (NMO)
o Ribosomes (NMO)

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8
Q

Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What is the function of membranes?

A
  • Membranes allow crucial compartmentalization
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9
Q

Video link

A

Source: Biology Cell structure by Nucleus Media:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

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10
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is a _____ bilayer made mainly of _______

A

lipid bilayer made mainly of phospholipids

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11
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The phospholipid bilayer has a _______

A

hydrophobic core

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is ______ to most substances unless they are _______

A

impermeable unless they are lipophilic

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13
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: ______ or fat-soluble molecules can get through the membrane without assistance.

A

small uncharged molecules & fat-soluble molecules can get through the membrane without assistance (e.g. O2, CO2)

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: ______ embedded in the lipid bilayer can change the properties of the membrane

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The plasma membrane also contains embedded ________ in a double layer of _______.

A

proteins in a double layer of lipid molecules.

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16
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: What gives the cell surface a molecular identity?

A

Short carbohydrate chains attached to some proteins on the cell surface give the cell a molecular identity

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17
Q

Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins allow the transport of substances such as ______, nutrients, ______ (in or out of the cell).

A

ions, nutrients, water or waste (in or out of the cell)

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18
Q

Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins can _______ or ______ transport substances in or out of the cell

A

passively (passive transport) or actively (active transport) transport substances in or out of the cell.

▪ Passive Transport: Transport can be down the concentration gradient

▪ Active Transport: Transport can be up the concentration gradient - requires ATP

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins: What is the difference between Passive transport and active transport?

A

Passive Transport: Transport can be down the concentration gradient

▪ Active Transport: Transport can be up the concentration gradient - requires ATP

20
Q

Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins:

a) Attachment of the cell to the ______ and or adjacent cells

b) Attachment of the membrane to the _______ of the cell.

c) Act as _______ for signalling inside cells

d) _______ activity

A

a) cell to the basal lamina or adjacent cells
b) membrane to the cytoskeleton of the cell
c) receptors for signalling inside cells
d) enzymatic activity

21
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The ER Is a network of _____ that forms _____ in the cytoplasm

A

membranes that form channels in the cytoplasm

22
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: proteins made by the attached _______ enter the _____ (hint: the lumen; one of the two ERs) to be _______ and chemically modified

A

ribosomes enter the RER (rough ER) to be folded and chemically modified

23
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The Rough ER is involved in some protein ______, protein folding, _______ _______and dispatch

A

involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch

24
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The Rough ER is rough because ________

A

it is studded with ribosomes.

  • has the membranous ER channels and the ribosomes associated with them.
25
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The smooth ER is associated with the production and ______ of fats and _______ hormones.

A
  • associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones.
  • also stores calcium in cells
26
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The smooth ER is smooth because _____

A

it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats

27
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Golgi apparatus: proteins are _____ from the _____ (hint: the ER with ribosomes to ease the transfer of proteins) to the Golgi apparatus

A

Proteins are exported from the RER to the Golgi Apparatus

28
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Golgi apparatus: Proteins are further stored and _______ for distribution to their destinations, _____ and _____ of the cell

A

modified for distribution to their destinations, inside and outside of the cell

29
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Lysosomes are ______

A

the processing centers of the cell

30
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Lysosomes: Materials marked for destruction and ___ ____ organelles end up in the lysosomes, where they are broken down and _____.

A

materials marked for destruction and worn-out organelles end up in the lysosomes, where they are broken down and recycled

31
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: An organelle that is responsible for the ______ of nutrients in a process requiring ______.

A

metabolism of nutrients in a process requiring oxygen

32
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: One molecule of glucose can yield 36 _____ molecules provided that oxygen is present and everything is functioning properly

A

yield 36 molecules

33
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: Cells such as _____ cells contain more than 1000 mitochondria

A

liver cells contain more than 1000 mitochondria

34
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: Each mitochondrion carries its ___ ______ information that is used to make molecules involved in ____ production (Hint for blank 2: “powerhouse of the cell”)

A

own genetic information that is used to make molecules involved in energy production.

35
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: We get out mitochondrial genomes from our _____

36
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Nuclear Envelope: The nuclear envelope consists of a ___ _____ studded with pores

A

double membrane

37
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Nuclear Envelope: The pores control the exchange of molecules between the _____ and the ____

A

Between the nucleus and cytoplasm

38
Q

Chromosomes: What is a chromosome?

A

DNA/protein complexes found in
the nucleus and exist in pairs

39
Q

Chromosomes: Humans have ____ chromosomes, but we have ___ ___ of each, one from our _____ and one from our ______.

A

46 chromosomes, 2 copies of each, one from our mothers and one from our fathers

40
Q

Chromosomes: A genome is a full set of 46 _____ in a single cell

A

chromosomes

41
Q

Chromosomes: Each cell of an organism has the same genome but expresses different patterns of genes. What does this mean?

A

We, therefore, have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

  • Because we have two copies of each chromosome, we have two copies of most genes and are therefore diploid
  • Fertilized egg contains 2 copies of our genome (2 copies of each of the 23 chromosomes; 1 from sperm and 1 from the egg)
42
Q

Chromosomes: Chromosomes are made of DNA coated mostly in a specific type of protein. What is the name of this protein?

43
Q

Chromatin: Chromatin is made of chromosomes and thier _____ together

44
Q

Chromatin: Chromatin is located in the _____ and appears ______ in darkly stained _____

A

nucleus and appears uncoiled in darkly stained clumps.

45
Q

Chromatin: Histones proteins in DNA can be modified to _____ more tightly to DNA. Therefore, allowing genes to be ____ ___ more readily or removed more readily,

A

allowing genes to be switched off more readily

BMS 150 (11 decks)

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