Lecture 1 - Human Cell's Organelles and locations, Plasma Membrane, Plasma Membrane proteins, Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomes, Chromatin, Flashcards
A Typical Human Cell - Organelles and Their Locations
Human Cell organelles:
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Nucleus (Nuclear Envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, Nuclear pore)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth)
Plasmic Membrane
Cytoplasm
Golgi complex
Vacuole
Centrioles
Microtubule
Lysosome
Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - Where is it located?
between plasma membrane and nucleus
Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What is it composed of?
Cytosol (the liquid that surrounds the cytoplasm and organelles)
Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - Function of Cytoplasmic Organelles
Metabolic machinery of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or no
membranous.
Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What are the Inclusions in the cytoplasm?
Vary with cell type (e.g., glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals)
Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What are the membranous organelles (MO) in the cytoplasm?
o Mitochondria (MO)
o Endoplasmic reticulum (MO)
o Golgi apparatus (MO)
o Peroxisomes (MO)
o Lysosomes (MO)
Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What are the non-membranous organelles (NMO) in the cytoplasm?
o Cytoskeleton (NMO)
o Centrioles (NMO)
o Ribosomes (NMO)
Human Cell Organelles: Cytoplasm - What is the function of membranes?
- Membranes allow crucial compartmentalization
Video link
Source: Biology Cell structure by Nucleus Media:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is a _____ bilayer made mainly of _______
lipid bilayer made mainly of phospholipids
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The phospholipid bilayer has a _______
hydrophobic core
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is ______ to most substances unless they are _______
impermeable unless they are lipophilic
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: ______ or fat-soluble molecules can get through the membrane without assistance.
small uncharged molecules & fat-soluble molecules can get through the membrane without assistance (e.g. O2, CO2)
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: ______ embedded in the lipid bilayer can change the properties of the membrane
Cholesterol
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: The plasma membrane also contains embedded ________ in a double layer of _______.
proteins in a double layer of lipid molecules.
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The plasma membrane: What gives the cell surface a molecular identity?
Short carbohydrate chains attached to some proteins on the cell surface give the cell a molecular identity
Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins allow the transport of substances such as ______, nutrients, ______ (in or out of the cell).
ions, nutrients, water or waste (in or out of the cell)
Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins can _______ or ______ transport substances in or out of the cell
passively (passive transport) or actively (active transport) transport substances in or out of the cell.
▪ Passive Transport: Transport can be down the concentration gradient
▪ Active Transport: Transport can be up the concentration gradient - requires ATP
Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins: What is the difference between Passive transport and active transport?
Passive Transport: Transport can be down the concentration gradient
▪ Active Transport: Transport can be up the concentration gradient - requires ATP
Plasma Membrane proteins - Plasma membrane proteins:
a) Attachment of the cell to the ______ and or adjacent cells
b) Attachment of the membrane to the _______ of the cell.
c) Act as _______ for signalling inside cells
d) _______ activity
a) cell to the basal lamina or adjacent cells
b) membrane to the cytoskeleton of the cell
c) receptors for signalling inside cells
d) enzymatic activity
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The ER Is a network of _____ that forms _____ in the cytoplasm
membranes that form channels in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: proteins made by the attached _______ enter the _____ (hint: the lumen; one of the two ERs) to be _______ and chemically modified
ribosomes enter the RER (rough ER) to be folded and chemically modified
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The Rough ER is involved in some protein ______, protein folding, _______ _______and dispatch
involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The Rough ER is rough because ________
it is studded with ribosomes.
- has the membranous ER channels and the ribosomes associated with them.
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The smooth ER is associated with the production and ______ of fats and _______ hormones.
- associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones.
- also stores calcium in cells
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Endoplasmic reticulum: The smooth ER is smooth because _____
it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Golgi apparatus: proteins are _____ from the _____ (hint: the ER with ribosomes to ease the transfer of proteins) to the Golgi apparatus
Proteins are exported from the RER to the Golgi Apparatus
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Golgi apparatus: Proteins are further stored and _______ for distribution to their destinations, _____ and _____ of the cell
modified for distribution to their destinations, inside and outside of the cell
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Lysosomes are ______
the processing centers of the cell
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Lysosomes: Materials marked for destruction and ___ ____ organelles end up in the lysosomes, where they are broken down and _____.
materials marked for destruction and worn-out organelles end up in the lysosomes, where they are broken down and recycled
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: An organelle that is responsible for the ______ of nutrients in a process requiring ______.
metabolism of nutrients in a process requiring oxygen
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: One molecule of glucose can yield 36 _____ molecules provided that oxygen is present and everything is functioning properly
yield 36 molecules
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: Cells such as _____ cells contain more than 1000 mitochondria
liver cells contain more than 1000 mitochondria
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: Each mitochondrion carries its ___ ______ information that is used to make molecules involved in ____ production (Hint for blank 2: “powerhouse of the cell”)
own genetic information that is used to make molecules involved in energy production.
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Mitochondria: We get out mitochondrial genomes from our _____
mothers
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Nuclear Envelope: The nuclear envelope consists of a ___ _____ studded with pores
double membrane
Cytoplasmic Organelles - The Nuclear Envelope: The pores control the exchange of molecules between the _____ and the ____
Between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Chromosomes: What is a chromosome?
DNA/protein complexes found in
the nucleus and exist in pairs
Chromosomes: Humans have ____ chromosomes, but we have ___ ___ of each, one from our _____ and one from our ______.
46 chromosomes, 2 copies of each, one from our mothers and one from our fathers
Chromosomes: A genome is a full set of 46 _____ in a single cell
chromosomes
Chromosomes: Each cell of an organism has the same genome but expresses different patterns of genes. What does this mean?
We, therefore, have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- Because we have two copies of each chromosome, we have two copies of most genes and are therefore diploid
- Fertilized egg contains 2 copies of our genome (2 copies of each of the 23 chromosomes; 1 from sperm and 1 from the egg)
Chromosomes: Chromosomes are made of DNA coated mostly in a specific type of protein. What is the name of this protein?
Histones
Chromatin: Chromatin is made of chromosomes and thier _____ together
proteins
Chromatin: Chromatin is located in the _____ and appears ______ in darkly stained _____
nucleus and appears uncoiled in darkly stained clumps.
Chromatin: Histones proteins in DNA can be modified to _____ more tightly to DNA. Therefore, allowing genes to be ____ ___ more readily or removed more readily,
allowing genes to be switched off more readily
