Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SLH Neuro - SHS 5760 > Lecture 2: The Neuron Part 1 (Anatomy) > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The Neuron Part 1 (Anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons are __________ cells that transmit ____________ either _________ or _________

A

Excitable
Information
Electrically or chemically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Peripheral sensory cells (aka ________ cells) are specialized to receive certain ____ of _______ (examples: ________, ________, _____)

A

Receptor
Types of stimuli
Chemical, mechanical, light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurons produce similar ________ but can cause diverse _______ in the ____

A

Signals

Effects in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 reasons neurons can cause such diverse effects in the body?

A

1) thier pattern of connectivity is unique in each person
2) the type of neurotransmitters they release/respond to
3) their connections to different sensory or motor systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two names for the main portion of a neuron?

A

1) cell body

2) soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the soma house?

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the neuronal membrane?

A

The external boundary of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two functions of the neuronal membrane?

A

1) houses organelles and cytosol

2) allows transport of proteins from outside in and inside out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The neuronal membrane is ____-permeable. What does that mean?

A

Semi-

Some material pass through but others don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the neuronal membrane formed?

A

A double layer of phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The neuronal membrane effectively ________ the _________ __________ from the __________ ________.

A

Separates
Extracellular environment
Intracellular cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which side of the neuronal membrane faces out and which faces in?

A

Polar “head” faces out and the nonpolar “tail” faces in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protein complexes in the neuronal membrane are also called __________. They are ____-like and can ____ and ______ easily

A

Transporters
Fluid-like
Move and stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of transporters?

A

Keep some things out but let others in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What forms the shape and frame of the neuron?

A

Ctyoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 types of “bones” in cytoskeleton?

A

1) microtubules
2) neurofilaments
3) microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which cytoskeleton material has the largest and which has the narrowest diameter?

A

Largest: microtubules
Smallest: microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are neurofilaments composed of?

A

Multiple different sub-units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which cytoskeleton material influences cell shape?

A

Microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the location of DNA in the form of chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 in 23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many autosomal pairs and how many of sex pairs of chromosomes of humans have?

A

22 autosomal pair

1 sex pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Each pair of human chromosomes includes what from who?

A

1 chromosome from the mother and 1 chromosome from the father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chromosomes are the physical structures composed of what?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Genes are segments of ____

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Genes are series of _____ of ___________ ___________

A

Pairs

Nucleotide molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Genes form ___________ for the production of ________ to effect changes in _______ ________

A

Blueprints
Proteins
Cellular phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

DNA is __________ to make mRNA

A

Transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The ______ _____ structure of the DNA ______ and single stranded ______ is transcribed from the ___

A

Double helix
Unzips
mRNA
DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

RNA is ________ to make proteins

A

Translated

33
Q

Different combinations of ____ pairs code for different ____ _____

A

Base

Amino acids

34
Q

Amino acids combine to form what?

A

Proteins

35
Q

Proteins are crucial for maintaining cell _______ and ________ cells after _______

A

Integrity
Repairing
Injury

36
Q

Proteins express the ________ of the cell from the underlying ______

A

Phenotype

Genotype

37
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis and folding called?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum ________ RNA to synthesize _______

A

Translates

Proteins

39
Q

What is the site of protea in synthesis called?

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Either free in cytosol or attached to the ER

41
Q

What is the site of cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

Mitochondria is the place in the cell where _____ is generated, it uses _______ and ______ sugar to produce ____ through ________

A

Energy
Oxygen and glucose
ATP
Respiration

43
Q

Defects in the mitochondria or its _________ can have major _______ effects on the cell

A

Respiration

Negative

44
Q

All mitochondrial DNA comes from where?

A

The mother

45
Q

Mitochondria replicate __________ of the cell

A

Independently

46
Q

Mitochondria have their own ____, with _________ base pairs

A

DNA

16,659

47
Q

ATP can ____ and _____ energy in the cells

A

Create and store

48
Q

ATP can donate a ______ _____ to proteins, this is called ____________ and is catalyze by _____ _______

A

Phosphate group
Phosphorylation
Protein kinases

49
Q

ATP turns _______ on and off

A

Protein

50
Q

ATP liberates a tremendous amount of _____ for what in the cell?

A

Energy

Chemical reactions

51
Q

If you take away a phosphate group from ATP what do you have?

A

ADP

52
Q

What is the blanket term for projections emerging from the cell body?

A

Neurites

53
Q

What are the two main types of nuerites?

A

1) axons

2) dendrites

54
Q

Axons are ____ neurites that allow the neuron to do what?

A

Long

Transmit signal over some distances

55
Q

Where does an axon arise from?

A

conical end of the soma, aka the axon hillock

56
Q

Why can’t axons create protein?

A

They dont have rough ER or ribosomes

57
Q

The axons membrane is different than the _____

A

Soma’s

58
Q

What insulates the axon?

A

Myelin sheath

59
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

A fatty, insulating sheet that covers the axon

60
Q

What is the purpose of an axon?

A

Speed up the transmission of information down the azon

61
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

Interruptions in the myelin sheath

62
Q

What is the purpose of the nodes of ranvier?

A

Allow sodium in to propagate the action potential down the axon

63
Q

myelin is derived to the axons by what two things?

A

1) Schwann cell

2) oligodendrocyte

64
Q

What forms myelin sheaths around the axon in the PNS?

A

Schwann cels

65
Q

What forms myelin sheaths around the axons in the CNS?

A

Oligodedrocyte

66
Q

Axon _______ are the large branches of the axon

A

Collaterals

67
Q

What are the points of contact between cells called?

A

Synapses

68
Q

What is an axodendritic synapse?

A

The axon divides in to small thread-like projections into the dendrite

69
Q

What is an axosomatic synapse?

A

Terminates at one point on the cell body

70
Q

What is an axoaxonic synapse?

A

Two axons connect

71
Q

What is the method by which materials are transported to/from the soma to/from the length of the axon called?

A

Axoplasmic transport

72
Q

Retrograde transport is from the ____ to the _____

A

Axon to the soma

73
Q

Anterograde transport is from the ____ to the _____

A

Soma to the axon

74
Q

Microtubules are critical for _______ transport

A

Vesicle

75
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Thin neurites dense with synapses

76
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

1) unipolar
2) bipolar
3) multipolar

77
Q

What is a neuron that has one main neurites emanating from the soma called?

A

Unipolar

78
Q

What is a neuron that has two main nuerites emanating from the soma called?

A

Bipolar

79
Q

What is a neuron that has more than two main neurites emanating from the soma called?

A

Multipolar

SLH Neuro - SHS 5760 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions