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B&C Midterm > Lecture 2: Structure and function of the nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Structure and function of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical terminology:

Dorsal
ventral
rostral
caudal

A

Dorsal: the back
ventral: the belly
rostral: the beak
caudal: the tail

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2
Q

Cross-sections of the brain:
coronal
sagittal
axial

A

coronal: front to back
sagittal: left to right
axial: top to bottom

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3
Q

The nervous system:

CNS

A

brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem)
spinal cord

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4
Q

cluster of neurons in CNS

A

Nuclues (nuclei)

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5
Q

The nervous system:
PNS

A

Nervous system that is not the brain and spine.

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6
Q

cluster of neurons in PNS

A

ganglion (ganglia)

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7
Q

Function of PNS

A

to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs

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8
Q

PNS consists of 2 systems

A

somatic motor system: voluntary muscles

autonomic motor system: involuntary muscles (reflexes) and organs. system is always active but can be in a sympathetic or parasympathetic state

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9
Q

sympathetic state

A

expending the energy (fight or flight)

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10
Q

Parasympathetic state

A

conserving energy (rest and digest)

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11
Q

CNS:
Grey matter

A

neurons can be found in the thin sheet of tissue on the outside of the brain, this is the grey matter

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12
Q

CNS:
White matter

A

neurons in distant brain areas are connected via axons with myelin sheets that form the white matter.

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13
Q

CNS:
menignes

A

The three protective layers of membranes that the CNS is covered in.
1. dura matter: thick membrane, closest to the scull
2. arachnoid matter: not attached to the dura matter does not line the brain down to the sulci.
3. pia matter: delicate membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain. can get infected; mengingites)

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14
Q

CNS:
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

your brain floats in CNF; the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter (subarchnoid space) is filled with CNF.

CNF is there to protect the brain. it reduces shock when hit on the head. and to clean it.

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15
Q

CNS:
4 large Ventricles

A

cavities in the brain filles with CSF
1. left and right lateral ventrical
2. third ventricle
3. fourth ventricle

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16
Q

interventricular foramen

A

a short passage extending from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle

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17
Q

cerebral aquaduct

A

narrow 15mm conduit that allows for cerebrospinal fluid (CNF) to flow between third and fourth ventricle

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18
Q

Bloodsupply:

irruptions of the blood supply to the brain can be caused by?

A

obstruction of an artery
heamorrhage from the blood vessel

> causes damage to the brain (brain lesions)

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19
Q

Two main sources of blood supply

A

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

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20
Q

basilar artery

A

left and right arteries merge at the level of the pons: basilar artery
basilar artery and internal cartotid meat at the circle of willis

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21
Q

Spinal cord

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

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22
Q

sensory signals enter the spinal cord via?

A

the dorsal horn (afferent signals)

23
Q

Afferent signals

A

Towards the CNS

24
Q

sensory signals leave the spinal cord via?

A

ventral horn (efferent signals)

25
Q

Efferent signals

A

away from the CNS

26
Q

Three parts of the brainstem:

A

medulla: oblongata
pons +cerebellum
midbrain

27
Q

Medulla

A

responsible for automatic (involuntary) functions such as heart rate, sneezing, blood pressure.

28
Q

corticospinal motor axons

A

axons coming from the cortex to the spinal cord. the motor neurons from left hemisphere cross here to contol muscles from the right side of the body

29
Q

Pons

A

pons: bridge. contains nuclei that connect the forebrain to the cerebellum.
Nuclei that deal with sleep, swallowing, facial expressions and more (related to sleep paralysis)

30
Q

Cerebellum

A

Cerebellum: Little brain. mostly known for involvement in motor control and maintaining balance.
also implicated in aspects of congitive processing (language, attention)

31
Q

Reticular formation

A

located througout the brainstem
involved in arousal and attention.
damage affects the state of consciousness (coma)
home of the raphe nuclei (serotonin synthesis)

32
Q

Midbrain (mesenchepahlon)

Dorsal part:

A

dorsal part: superior and inferior colliculi that are involved in reflections towards visual and auditory stimuli.

33
Q

midbrain (mesenchepahlon)

Ventral part:

A

Ventral part: ventral tegment area and substantia nigra where dopamine is produced.

periaqueductal grey: modulation of pain signals.

34
Q

Diencephalon consist of two areas

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

35
Q

Thalamus

A

left and right thalamus is connected via the massa intermedia

switch board of the brain; receives al input from sensory areas of the brain except for smell

36
Q

4 types of Nuclei in the Thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus: visual information
medial geniculate nucleus: auditory information
ventral posterior nuclei: somatosensory information
pulvinar: attention and integrative functions.

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls the functions necessary for homeostatis (normal state of the body)
body temperature
metabolic rate
circadian rhythm

produces hormones but also regulates hormone production in other areas for example in the Pituitary gland

38
Q

Thelecephalon (cerebrum)

A

Limbic system, basal ganglia, olfactory bulbs and cerebral cortex

39
Q

Limbic system

A

hippocampus: critical for memory, spatial processing
amygdala: emotional processing

40
Q

basal ganglia

A

striatum: putamen + caudate nucleus
globus pallidus
nuclues accumbend

regulating voluntary motor control, movement modulation, procedural learning, and various cognitive and emotional processes.

41
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

processing of olfactory information (smell)

42
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin folded sheet of neurons and supporting cells.

43
Q

gyri & sulci

A

folding of the cerebral cortex creates convolutions (gyri) and concavities between the gyri (sulci)

44
Q

central suclus

A

dividing concavity between frontal and parietal lobe.

45
Q

4 devisions in cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

46
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor cortex: in front of central sulcus
primary motor cortex: generating movements
premotor cortex: controlling movements
supplemental motor cortex: planning movements.

47
Q

frontal lobe

Prefrontal cortex

A

executive functions: planning, organizing, controlling and executing behavior.

last to develop: evolutionary the youngest

48
Q

The parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex:
primary somatosensory cortex (S1); receives an input from the thalamus. info about pain, touch, temperature, limb position.

Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2); unimodal association area that further processes sensory information

49
Q

The temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex

50
Q

The occipital lobe

A

Visual cortex

51
Q

Structural connectivity relates to functional connectivity.
Wernicke’s area & Broca’s area

A

language processing, wernicke’s area (related to interpreting an auditory code) is strongly connected to distant Broca’s area (related to speech production) via a dense bundle of axons = Arcuate fasciculus.

52
Q

The size of the brain quadruples from birth to adulthood, How?

A

the size of the brain quadruples from birth to adulthood.
because of synaptogenisis; the formation of synapses. and the growth of dendric trees, exention of axons and myelineation and proliferation of glial cells

53
Q
A

B&C Midterm (6 decks)

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