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B&C Midterm > Lecture 1: History and Structure and function of the nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 1: History and Structure and function of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

History of Cognitive Neuroscience; is there more than the brain alone.

Monism vs. Dualism

A

Monoism: The brain produces behavior, thoughts and the mind (thales, willis, la mettrie, Gall)

Dualism: The mind appears from elsewhere; its something immaterial (Decartes; res cogitans vs. res extensa)

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2
Q

Does the brain work as one big organ or is it made up of different modules?

Functional specialization vs. Aggregate field theory

A

Functional specialization: different areas in the brain have different functions (Willis, Galls’ Sphrenology)

Aggregate field theory: The brain works as a whole (Flourens)

No brain area works alone!

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3
Q

Electrical stimulation (Fritsch & Hitzig 1870)

A

electrical stimulation of brain areas produces characteristic movement in dogs.

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4
Q

Broddmann (1909)

A

identification of 52 distinct brain areas with different cellular architectures.

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5
Q

Visualization of individual neurons

A

Golgi: cells in the brain form a continuous mass of tissue

Ramon Cajal: neural doctrine; neurons are discrete entities.

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6
Q

The cognitive revolution

A

not all behavior is learned (chomsky)

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7
Q

Instruments of Neuroscience

Angelo Mosso (1891)

A

pulsations of the blood in the brain is directly related to mental activity.

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8
Q

CNS; central nervous system

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) + Spinal cord

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9
Q

PNS; peripheral nervous system

A

Nervous system that is not the brain + Spinal cord

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10
Q

The cells of the nervous system: 2

A

Neurons: transmit information
Glial cells: function depends on the type

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11
Q

4 types of Glial cells

A
  1. Astrocytes: blood-brain-barrier
  2. Oligodendroctyes: myline sheet
  3. microglial cells: remove damaged cells
  4. Schwann cells: myline sheet
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12
Q

Dendrites

A

receive input from other neurons at the dendritic spines

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13
Q

Axon

A

outputs signal to other neurons at the axon terminals

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14
Q

Neural signalling

resting membrane potential

A

when a neuron is not sending a signal, it is at rest. the neuron will have an electrical voltage of -70mV

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15
Q

Intra-extra cellular fluid is made of?

A

Ions: atoms or molecules that are either positive or negative charge.
K+ potassium
Na+ sodium
Ca2+ calcium
Chloride Cl-
Organic anions A+

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16
Q

ion channels

A

selectively permit one type if ion to pass. more pottasium K+ channels in cell membrane

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17
Q

Ion pumps

A

active transport proteins. sodium-potassium pump. pumps 3 sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and 2 potassium ions in the cells.

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18
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

positively charged potassium ions K+ and negatively charged organic anions (A-)

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19
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

consists mostly of positively charged sodium ions Na+ and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-)

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20
Q

concentration gradient

A

The difference in the concentration of Ka+ and Na+ inside and outside the cell.

21
Q

Na+ Ka+ pump

A

enzyme that actively pumps Na+ out of the cell and pumps Ka+ inside the cell

22
Q

electrical gradient

A

because the cell membrane mostly permeable to Ka+ via potassium channels, Ka+ will move from intra to extracellular space. since it is more positively charged outside the cell there is an an electrical imbalance.

23
Q

electrochemical equilibrium state

A

The concentration gradient and electrical gradient reach a electrochemical equilibrium state. In this state the difference in electrical charge is -70mV (resting membrane potential)

24
Q

The action potential

A

When a neuron is active (when it is passing information) the resting potential changes into an action potential.

The rapid depolarization and repolarization on the neurons output.

25
Q

Dendrite spines

A

Neuron receives a signal at the dendrite spines. these contain channels that open when a neurotransmitter binds to the channel receptor

26
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A

Ligand-gated channels open or close in response to the binding of specific Neurotransmitter.

27
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

temporary increase in the postsynaptic membrane potential, making it more likely for a neuron to fire an action potential, typically caused by the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

One EPSP is not strong enough to elicit an action potential. EPSP decay fast

28
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

temporary hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making it less likely for a neuron to fire an action potential, usually resulting from the binding of inhibitory neurotransmitters to their receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

29
Q

decremental conduction

A

Decremental conduction is the gradual reduction in the amplitude of an electrical signal as it travels along a neuron

30
Q

Axon hillock

A

If there are sufficient excitatory signals, the axon hillock will initiate an electrical signal and generate action potentials when the combined input exceeds a certain threshold.

31
Q

Temporal summation

A

When the EPSP’s follow is close succession , the integrated potential at the axon hillock will be large enough to trigger an action potential

One

32
Q

spatial summation

A

when different EPSP’s occur simultaneously at different locations, the integrated potential at the axon hillock will be large enough to trigger an action potential

33
Q

What will happen if the strength of the EPSP is as strong as that of the IPSP

A

no action potential

34
Q

voltage gated sodium channels

A

The axon hillock produces an action potential because of the voltage gated sodium channels that are present at the axon hillock. in contrast to ligand gated channels, these channels are triggered by changes in the membrane potential

35
Q

Refractory period

A

when a neuron returns to its resting membrane potential, it undershoots to a state of hyperpolarization before returning to resting potential if -70mV. during this period the neuron cant become active again

36
Q

Absolute refractory period (ARP)

A

Na+ are still closed so a new action potential cannot be generated.

37
Q

relative refractory period

A

an action potential can happen but only with larger-the-normal depolarizing currents.

38
Q

Myline sheets

A

act as insulators around the axons that allow electronic condition to travel high speeds.

39
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround the axons with a highly insulating layer

40
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

intervals of 1.5 mm of naked sections with no insulation. action potentials are only generated at the nodes of ranvier. between these nodes the signal is passively spread very fast speeding up conduction velocity to up to 150 m/s

41
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

the immune system destroys the myeline sheets of neurons. many sensory and motor functions are impaired.

42
Q

synaptic transmissions

A

the transfer of a signal from one neuron to the other.

43
Q

how do neurons communicate?

A

via chemical synapses

44
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between axon terminal of sending neuron and dendrite of receiving neuron

45
Q

Presynaptic neuron & postsynaptic neuron

A

releases neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft that binds to specialized receptors of the receiving or postsynaptic neuron

46
Q

vesicles

A

vesicles in the axon terminal are filled with neurotransmitter molecules

47
Q

ligand gated ion channels vs. G-protein coupled receptors

A

ligand-gated ion channels: binding of neurotransmitter with receptor directly opens the ion channel. fast signalling in ms!

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): indirect effect via a second messenger. slower signalling hundreds of milliseconds/seconds.

48
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate: most prevalent neurotransmitter. excitatory. memory, cognition and mood regulation.

GABA: second most prevalent. inhibitory. slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in your CNS (calming effect)

Acetylcholine: present in neuromuscular junction. excites muscles.

Dopamine: motor control/cognition. substantial nigra and ventral tegmental area as production sites in the brain. (parkinson)

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): arousal. locus coeruleusas production site. fight or flight response.

Serotonin: mood/cognition. raphe nucleus. (depression)

B&C Midterm (6 decks)

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