Lecture 2: standard image, Popper and values Flashcards

1
Q

meaning empirical analytical results

A
  1. scientific research based on systematic observation (observation)
  2. decomposable into logical, elementary statements (proposition)
  3. hypothesis about empirical regularities (expressed as a ‘law’)
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2
Q

basic inductive inference

A

proposition –> observation –> hypotheses about regularity (law)
example: this bird is a raven –> this bird is black: all ravens are black

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3
Q

deductive-nomological inference

A

hypothesis about regularity (law) –> observation –> prediction/explanation
example: all ravens are black, ravi is a raven: ravi is black

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4
Q

basic principles of the empirical-analytical method

A
  • free of bias or values
  • takes a third-person perspective
  • focused on obtaining objective knowledge
  • often makes use of statistical analysis
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5
Q

important features of logical positivism’s conception of science

A
  1. classical rationality (argument are only valid if they do logical reasoning or have empirical proof)
  2. criterion of meaning
  3. verification and confirmation
  4. theory-free observation
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6
Q

analytic statement vs synthetic statement

A

analytic: wat je in het woordenboek ziet (=unemployed are people without work)
synthetic: concrete zin (= op 1 december 2015 was er 6,4% werkeloosheid)

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7
Q

criterion of verification & criterion of confirmation meaning

A

criterion of verification: a theory is scientific if it can be ‘shown to be true’ on the basis of facts obtained by theory-free observation
- ideal: science with true statement (empirical regularities and laws)

criterion of confirmation: a theory is scientific if it can be ‘confirmed’ on the basis of facts obtained by theory-free observation
- ideal: science ascertains truth, via inductive logical, to practical certainty

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8
Q

Karl Popper’s philosophy of science

A

Popper is skeptist about induction/logical positivism
(observation –> hypothesis): what if the 1001th raven is white instead of black?
- hypothesis can never be truly confirmed: the best we can do is provide refutation of theories
so: testing can only lead to falsification

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9
Q

3 features of the ideal of value-free science

A
  • autonomous: only scientists determine which research questions are worthwhile
  • impartial: moral judgements or idealogical views play no role in the acceptance of scientific knowledge
  • neutral: researchers tell how the world works, not how it should work. science describes reality and doesn’t prescribe what we should do
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10
Q

epistemic vs. non-epistemic values

A

epistemic values: refer to considerations in the evaluation of hypotheses and theories (about precision and scope of theories, models etc.)

non-epistemic values: refer to moral judgements, ideological views or lreligious beliefs part of the grounds that determine the assumption or rejection of scientific claims.

objective science: when epistemic is during research with constitutive role and non-epistemic before/after research with a contextual role

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11
Q

constitutive values vs. contextual values

A

constitutive values: are necessary in conducting scientific research. Give shape to research “from within” in a fundamental way

contextual values: form part of the situation in which the researcher takes place. Design the research in a ‘random’ way and are therefore not necessary for the practice of scientific research. (before/after research: money)

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12
Q

characteristics of scientific community need to posses when objectivity can be preserved

A
  1. recognized avenues for criticism (there are recognized forums for critical debate)
  2. shared standards
  3. community response (criticism is addressed, positions and assumptions are adjusted if necessary in the light of criticism)
  4. equality of intellectual authority
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