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Issues in Sexuality > Lecture #2 Sexual Development > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Sexual Development Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual development begins with the..?

A

the fusion of two anisogamous (unequal) gametes!

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2
Q

Gametes are hapoid sex cells–they contain…?

A

a single set of 23 chromosomes

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3
Q

The fusion of two gametes produces what?

A

a diploid cell (zygote) that develops into a new individual!

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4
Q

Diploid cells contain what?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes).

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5
Q

Pairs of sex chromosomes can be…

A

XX or XY

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6
Q

An XX pattern of sex chromosomes
determines

A

female development

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7
Q

An XY pattern determines

A

male development

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8
Q

Developing XX and XY embryos have:

A
  1. One bipotential embryonic gonad
  2. One bipotential embryonic genital (genital ridge)
  3. Two embryonic reproductive tracts including:
    i. the Müllerian duct system
    ii. the Wolffian duct system
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9
Q

Y chromosomes (found in males) contain what?

A

An SRY gene!

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10
Q

What does an SRY (male gene) gene do?

A

At about six weeks post-conception
the SRY gene triggers embryonic
gonadal tissue to develop into testes

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11
Q

In the absence of an SRY gene…

A

DAX-1 (girl gene) genes direct the embryonic gonadal
tissue to develop into ovaries!

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12
Q

What do the developing embryonic testes produce?

A

testosterone (T) and Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone (MIH)!

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13
Q

Do ovaries produce any hormones prenatally?

A

No, but they secrete estrogens at puberty!

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14
Q

What are gonads?

A

Gonads are glands that produce hormones that are involved in reproduction and other functions of the body.
Ovaries = Female
Testes = Male

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15
Q

What duct system develops in females?

A

Mullarian duct system (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix).

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16
Q

What duct system develops in males?

A

Wolvarian duct system

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17
Q

What duct system regress (withers away) in females?

A

The Wolvarian duct system regresses spontaniously

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18
Q

What duct system regress (withers away) in males?

A

The Mullarian duct system regresses under the influence of AMH! ( Anti-Müllerian Hormone) and the absence of T! No Testoterone = female.

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19
Q

What is the function of Mullerian inhibiting hormone?

A

Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF), also called the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), plays a significant role in sexual differentiation.

It is produced by the Sertoli cells in male fetuses and signals the regression of the Mullerian ducts, fallopian tubes, and uterus.

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20
Q

What exists during embryonic development?

A

a single bipotential (homologous) proto-genital exists

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21
Q

The proto-genital has two ridges of skin called the…

A

urethral folds (embryonic labia minor or shaft of
penis).

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22
Q

What do the urethral folds (embryonic labia minor or shaft of
penis) do?

A

surround the urogenital sinus (embryonic urinary and genital tracts).

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23
Q

The urethral folds meet anteriorly to form an area
called the…

A

genital tubercle (embryonic glans). (The yellow little ball at the top of the diagram).

24
Q

Surrounding the urethral folds is the genital swelling =

A

embryonic labia majora (female)
or
the scrotal
sack (male)

25
Q

At 10 weeks post conception;

A

-> T causes the fetal genital tissue to develop into male external genitalia (penis and scrotum).

-> In the absence of T, the fetal genital tissue develops into female external genitialia (clitoris, labia folds).

26
Q

There are two types of gametes produced by
the gonads:

A

Eggs (ova): Female; ovaries.
Sperm: Male; testes.

27
Q

Egg and sperm cells are…

A

anisogamous
(unequal), differing in size and function!

Some people dont produce either for some reason!

28
Q

large, nutrient rich and immobile..

A

EGGS!

29
Q

small, nutrient poor and mobile

A

SPERM!

30
Q

How is sex defined in biological terms?

A

In biological terms, sex is defined by the production of one type of gamete or the other

31
Q

In biological terms, sex refers to;

A

reproductive strategies

32
Q

Females are the sex defined by;

A

egg production which occurs in the ovaries

33
Q

Males are the sex defined by;

A

sperm production which occurs in the testes

34
Q

Is sex is determined or defined by sex chromosomes?

A

Sex is DETERMINED (not defined) by sex chromosomes!!

35
Q

Structures that arise from the organizational effects of gonads during
development (gonads, internal reproductive tracts, and genitals) are phenotypic markers that;

A

that denote (indicate) sex, but do not define sex!

36
Q

What are primary sex markers?

A

primary markers denote sex and develop in utero.

37
Q

What are secondary sex markers?

A

Develop between 10-18y at puberty. (facial and public hair, breast development).

38
Q

This secondary divergence in morphology (secondary sex markers)
evolved to enhance the sexes ability to
behaviorally enact one of two broad
reproductive strategies:

A

-> Be attractive (female evolutionary
strategy)
-> Be dominate (male evolutionary
strategy)

39
Q

Do secondary sex characteristics denote or define sex?

A

DENOTE! not define!

40
Q

What is intersexuality?

A

Individuals whose chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs/ and or genitals exhibit mixed sex characteritistics.

41
Q

Intersexuality can also be referred to as

A

Disorders of sexual development (DSD).

42
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Cheryl Chase

43
Q

Penis and vaginas are what kind of structures?

A

Homologous! (originate from the same structure).

44
Q

5 alpha reductase dihydro testoterone

A

just remember the term

45
Q

guevedoces in the Dominican are conceptualized as third
sex—neither male, nor female—due to their
unusual sexual development and genitalia. What perspective is this?

A

From an emic (inter-subjective) perspective!

46
Q

Biological traits that determine or denote sex are;

A

DICHOTOMOUS! One or the other.

47
Q

Does sex exisit on a continuum?

A

NO! Gamete production is completely dichotomous!

48
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms or supports one’s beliefs and values

49
Q

Motivated reasoning

A

tendency to make decisions that are desired (emotionally-motivated)
rather than those that are evidence-based

50
Q

These individuals are genetically male (XY), but do not form male genitalia.
Genetically male (XY) babies with this condition typically are born with a vaginal opening and clitoris indistinguishable from those seen in normal female (XX) babies.
Genotypically male, but phenotypically female. Do not menstrate.

A

Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

51
Q

Androgens will masculinize a female (XX)
fetus in utero. At birth, the girl’s genitalia may appear
completely masculine, or, more commonly, the genitalia will be ambiguous—neither completely male nor completely female but somewhere in between. (Cheryl Chase).

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

52
Q

Erection and ejaculation are not impaired. Most men with this syndrome are infertile, but an unknown proportion are fertile. Babies born with this syndrome (47,XXY) have normal male genitalia.

A

Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)

53
Q

Among the most salient features of
this syndrome (45,X) are infertility and short stature.

A

Turner syndrome

54
Q

a condition in which the distal third of the
vagina fails to develop and is replaced by about 2 cm of fibrous tissue. Can be fixed with a vagina plasty.

A

Vaginal Agenesis

55
Q

How common is intersex?

A

More than
99.98% of humans are either male or female. So not very common.

56
Q

What does Sax believe should be considered intersex?

A

conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the
phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female.

Issues in Sexuality (7 decks)

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