Lecture 2- Prokaryotes

Question 1

Kingdoms

Answer 1

Bacteria- Prokaryotes, Animals, Plants, Fungi, Single celled Eukaryotes

Question 2

rRNA

Answer 2

first widely compared sequence

Question 3

Prokaryotes include

Answer 3

Bacteria and Archea

Question 4

Archea are more closey related to

Answer 4

Eukaryotes not Bacteria

Question 5

Membrane Enclose Nucleus:

Answer 5

Bacteria No, Archea No, Eukaryotes Yes

Question 6

Organelles

Answer 6

Bacteria few, Archea No, Eukaryotes Many

Question 7

Peptidoglycan

Answer 7

Bacteria Yes, Archea No, Eukaryotes no

Question 8

Ester linked membranes lipids

Answer 8

Bacteria unbranched, Archea Branched, Eukaryotes Unbranched

Question 9

tRNA for three groups

Answer 9

Bacteria Form, Archea Meth, Eukaryotes Meth

Question 10

Ribosomes

Answer 10

Bacteria 70S, Archea 70S, Eukaryotes 80S

Question 11

of RNA polymearase

Answer 11

Bacteria 1, Archea 1, Eukaryotes 3

Question 12

Ribosomes sensitive to antiboitics

Answer 12

Bacteria Yes, Archea No, Eukaryotes No

Question 13

Ribosomes sensitive to dipthimine

Answer 13

Bacteria No, Archea YEs, Eukaryotes Yes

Question 14

Positive Gram Stain

Answer 14

Staining Violet then red

Question 15

Gram Negative Stain

Answer 15

pink

Cell wall under an outer membrane

Question 16

Varations in Prokaryotes (no cytoskeleton)

Answer 16

Everywhere on earth 
3 shapes Coccus, bacillus, helix
Flagella twisting or gliding or not
Communicate by chemicals or light
singled celled, colonies
Asexual fission but exchange genetic material

Question 17

Quorum Sensing

Answer 17

done by prokaryotes, trigger biofilm formation

Question 18

3 lateral gene transfer methods

Answer 18

conjugation: DNA transfered from a donor cell via a pilus
transformation: DNA taken up from dead cells
transduction: DNA transfered via a virus

Question 19

Big Tree tells us

Answer 19

1 photosynthesis widely distrubted through bacteria
2 Small group are gram positive
3Very Diverse- Proteobacteria- E. Coli

Question 20

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 20

Oxygen is poisonous to some prokaryotes

Question 21

Obligate aerobes

Answer 21

Oxygen is needed for some prokaryotes

Question 22

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 22

Procaryotes use either aerobic or anaerobic respira8on

Question 23

Cyanobacteria

Answer 23

Light used to drive chemical reac8ons that build sugars –Chloroplasts in plants are evolved from symbio8c cyanobacteria –Photoautotrophs –Responsible for conver8ng Earth’s atmosphere to aerobic in ancient past (O2 is photosynthesis byproduct)

Question 24

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 24

harvest energy from light but rely on sugars made by other organisms

Question 25

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 25

feed on other organisms

Question 26

Decomposers

Answer 26

break down dead bodies –Return carbon to soil, atmosphere (CO2) –Sulfur, nitrogen

Question 27

Nitrogen fixers

Answer 27

convert N2 from atmosphere to NH3 •Nitrifying bacteria: NH3à NO2àNO3–Available to plants for amino acid, nucleic acid synthesis •Denitrifying: convert organic nitrogen to N2

Question 28

Pathogens

Answer 28

Only a tiny percentage of prokaryotes are pathogens

Invade body –Evade immune system –Mulitply –Produce toxins

Question 29

Endotoxins

Answer 29

host exposed when bacteria lyse) –Fever, vomi8ng, diarrhea

Question 30

Exotoxins

Answer 30

(released by living bacteria) –Highly poisonous or fatal