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Bio 1412 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Features of eukaryotes

A

Organized nucleus –Linear chromosomes –Membrane-bound •Organelles –Mitochondria –Chloroplasts –Diges(ve vacuoles

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2
Q

Membranes, Cytoskeleton

A

Organelles: membranes associated with specialized func(ons •Vesicles: move materials out of cell, into cell •Movement relies on cytoskeleton –Preda(on –Change shape –Increased size

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3
Q

Energy metabolism

A

Stable membranes •Chloroplast, mitochondria •Endosymbiosis origins •Eukaryotes con(nue to enjoy symbio(c rela(onships with prokaryotes

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4
Q

Chromosomes and Sex

A

Linear DNA molecules –Mul(ple origins of replica(on –Large molecules- carry many genes, regulatory regions •All eukaryotes have a sexual life cycle (or used to: ro(fers) •Meiosis –Gametes have ½ the normal chromosome number- meiosis- special cell division •Fusion of gametes: “fer(liza(on” •Sex increases diversity •Life cycle varia(ons: diploid, haploid phases can be persistent or brief –Depends on (ming of meiosis, fer(liza(on

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5
Q

super kingdoms

A

Plants •Animals and Fungi
•Pro(sts–Usually single-celled –Diverse, polyphyle(c –Many niches –Move by flagella, cilia, or pseudopods –Single cells can be complex!

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6
Q

Opisthokonts

A

Flagellum is posterior, single
Animals (mul(cellular)-Fungi (uni- or mul(cellular) -choanoflagellatesChoanoflagellates can be colonial- a first step toward mul(cellular

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7
Q

Fungi- Opisthokonts

A

Fungi Cell wall of chi(n Muul(cellular or unicellular (e.g. yeast) Absorp(ve heterotrophy Enzymes are secreted, break down food, absorbed Fungi can feed on living, dead organisms Fungal infec(ons in animals difficult to treat as many fungicides are also toxic to animal cells

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8
Q

Fungi- Opisthokonts

A

ingle-celled: “yeasts” •Mul(cellular: strands or hyphae •Mushrooms –Underground mycelium –Aboveground frui(ng body •Makes spores by meiosis •Play a major role in decomposi(on of dead organisms –During Carboniferous, fewer fungi, dead plants became coa

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9
Q

fungi help harm

A

Fungal infec(ons in animals •Plant pathogens: rusts, smuts •Symbiosis: mycorrhizalfungi- allow trees to take up more minerals from soil •Lichens: fungus + green algae (or cyanobacterium

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10
Q

Amboebozoans

A

use pseudopods for mobility

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11
Q

Amboebozoans- Amoeba –

A

a loboseanAqua(c (fresh water) Moves via pseudopods Eats via phagocytosis Predator, scavenger, or parasite

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12
Q

Amboebozoans- Physarum- a plasmodial slime mold

A

errestrial (forests) Disperse, then aggregate (coenocy(c) to form frui(ng bodies, where spores form by meiosis Scavengers, ingest by endocytosis Move by cytoplasmic streaming

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13
Q

Amboebozoans- Dictyostelium- a cellular slime mold

A

Amoeba-like single cells aggregate into a “slug” when dry or starved Cells are retained, form spores

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14
Q

Rhizaria (Roots)

A

unicellular aquatic, with long pseudopods, marines

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15
Q

Rhizaria- Foraminiferans

A

External shells of calcium carbonate Source of limestone Pseudopods ensnare plankton

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16
Q

Rhizaria- Radiolarians

A

Glassy endoskeletons Include some of the largest unicellular eukaryotes Can have photosynthe(c endosymbionts-dinoflagellates

17
Q

Archaeplastids

A

Chloroplasts - 2 outer membrances

18
Q

Archaeplastids

A

and plants (mul(cellular) RedalgaeMarine Photosynthe(c chlorophyll a, phycoerythrinGreen algae chlorophyll a, b (like land plants) uni- or mul(cellular mul(cellular- e.g. Volvox (freshwater) spheres of flagellated cells e.g. Sea le_uce (marine)

19
Q

Stramenopiles

A

unequal flagella

20
Q

Stramenopiles- Diatoms

A

silica in cell walls- upper and lower like a petri dish Aqua(c- fresh and salt Photosynthe(c-storage products oils Diatomaceous earth-filtra(on

21
Q

Stramenopiles- Brown Algae

A

can be mul(cellular Sea palms, giant kelp Photosynthe(c chlorophyll a, c, + brown pigments Source of emulsifiers of ice cream

22
Q

Green algae, land plants: chloroplast (cp) from cyanobacteriumendosymbiont

A

Enclosed by 2 membranes: one from cyanobacterium, one from host cell

23
Q

Serial endosymbiosis: more than 2 membranes around cp

A

Brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates: 4 membranes Cp derived from red algae endosymbiont: inner 2 membranes from algal chloroplast next out from cell membrane of red alga outermost from host

24
Q

Euglenids

A

cp from green algal endosymbiont

25
Q

Alveolates

A

Sacs under cell membrane, single-celled

26
Q

Alveolates- Paramecium- Ciliate

A

Body covered with cilia- mo(lity –Fresh water –sex: equal exchange of nuclei

27
Q

Alveolates- Dinoflagellates

A

Red tides Chlorplasts that are from endosymbiotic

28
Q

Alveolates Plasmodium- Apicomplexans

A

parasite causing malaria –Life cycle in mosquitoes, human blood –Has nonfunc(onal chloroplasts

29
Q

Excavates

A

unicellular, often lacking mitochondria, named surface groove

30
Q

Excavates Giardia

A

a diplomonad has many flagella lacks mitochondria freshwater- parasite causing giardiasis

31
Q

Excavates Euglena

A

a euglenid photosyntheitc if in the dark, eats! anterior flagellum

32
Q

Excavates- Trypanosome

A

kinetoplasitd Parasite causing sleeping sickness

33
Q

Virus

A

based on nucleic acid type, RNA v DNA

34
Q

Positive Sense RNA virus

A

genome is also the template for translation (NO DNA)
RNA template for translation genome=template
Rhinovirus, Polio - cold hep C

35
Q

Negative Sense RNA virus

A

makes compliment of RNA
Genome make template/translation- proteins
upon infection RNA dependent RNA polymearase make compliment strand -> template for translation
Rabies Measles Mumps Ebola

36
Q

RNA retrovirus

A

reverse transcription
protien component includes transciptase -> DNA
makes DNA out of RNA
provial DNA is integrated into the hosts genome
Specific to vertebrate anials -. HIV

37
Q

DNA virus

A

smallpox, herpes, Bacteriophage– invects bacteria

38
Q

Ebolavirus

A

RNA dependent RNA polymearase - Negative sense

Bio 1412 (4 decks)

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