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Bio 1412 > Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Animal Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Animal

A 
Opisthokonts
Multicellular: cell adhere mitotic division
Hetertropic- eat other animals
Internal digestion
Motility- Muscles, nerves, skelton 
Sponges Diploblastic animals Eumetazoans
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2
Q

Animals are monophyletic

A

common ancestor thought to resemble colonial choanoflagellates

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3
Q

Sponges

A

ack 8ssues (groups of similar cells ac8ng as one) –Body form: cup-shaped –Inner surface composed of choanocytes•Flagella beat to draw water through pores to central cavity

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4
Q

Diploblasitc animals

A

2 body layers •Central gastrovascular cavity –Single opening is both mouth and anus –Tentacles trap prey, sweep into mouth •Noncentralized nerve net •Aqua8c- body supported by water

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5
Q

Cnidarians

A

Jelly fish corals Diploblastic Animals

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6
Q

Jelly fish and comb jellies

A

2 body layers in embryo –Dis8nct organ systems –Radial symmetry

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7
Q

More complex animals

A

3 embryonic layers –Bilateral symmetry

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8
Q

Early embryo- hollow ball of cells (blastula) Invaginaiton: beginning of gut (gastrula)

A

Chordates and echinoderms- deuterostomes

Arthropods and molluscs- protostomes

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9
Q

Lophotrochozoans - Invertabte

A

bryozoans, molluscs, annelids) •common larval form, feeding apparatus

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10
Q

Ecdysozoans Invertabrate

A

arthropods- most different species 10^18 nematodes) •Shed exoskeleton to grow

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11
Q

Deuterostomes Invertabrate

A

echinoderms, hemichordates, vertebrates) •Mouth forms second

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12
Q

Arthropods - Ecdysozoan

A

Most complex of the ecdysozoansSuccess due to: Body supported by an exoskeleton (chi8n, hard but flexible) Segmented body plan (metameric) Paired, jointed appendages

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13
Q

Anthropods Examples

A

Crustaceans lobster marine, terrestrial
Hexapods grasshopper terrestrial
Myriapods millipede
Chelicerate horseshoe crab, spiders

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14
Q

Simpler ecdysozoans (shed exoskeleton to grow)

A

Tardigrades
Limbs not jointed When too dry, shrink up, can survive a decade
Others: no limbs at all Nematodes- round worms No segmenta8on Scavengers, predators, or parasites e.g. Trichinella- parasite of swine
Caenorhabditiselegans- lab animal

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15
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A

have a lophophore (feeding structure) and a trochophore (free-living larval stage)

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16
Q

Lophotrochozoans examples

A

Molluscs:Have a foot (locomoiton) Internal organs- “visceral mass” Mantle- secretes shell
Gastropods e.g. snail
Bivalves e.g. clams
Cephalopods e.g. octopus
Other lophotrochozoans:
Annelids e.g. earthworms,
leeches segmented bodies Flatworms e.g. flukes, tapeworms most are internal parasites simple bodies-often lack digesitve tracts
Roitfers Have a ciliated corona- sweeps food into mouth Some species- only females
Bryozoans colonial

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17
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Blastophore becomes the anus

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18
Q

Echinoderms

A

Most are radially symmetric as adults Larvae are bilaterally symmetric Move and feed using “tube feet
Echinoderms evolved from bilateral ancestor but exhibit radial as adults

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19
Q

Chordates

A 
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (CNS) 
•Postanal tail (locomo8on) •
Notochord (flexible support) –
Embryonic only in some •
Pharyngeal slits (gas exchange) •
Lancets •
Tunicates (no notocord in adult, sessile) 
•vertebrates
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20
Q

Jawed fishes

A

Caritlaginous fish: sharks, rays •Bony fish (ray-finned) •Lobe-fins

21
Q

Most primitive tetrapods (land animals)

A

Amphibians –Frogs (no tail as adults) –Salamanders –Caecilians (limbs lost) •Moist skin •Require water for eggs (no shell) •Wet habitats

22
Q

Vertebrate innovaitons

A

•Internal skeleton •With vertebrae •Of bone (vs. car8lage) •Jointed fins •Nares (breathe air) •Terrestrial limbs •Amnio&c eggs: withstand drying condi&ons

23
Q

Amniotes:

A

rep8les & mammals

24
Q

reptiles

A

Turtles Tuataras Squamates: Snakes, lizards Crocodilians Dinosaurs and birds •Amnio8c egg provides “private pond” •Scales (kera8n)

25
Q

mammals

A

Mammary glands •Sweat glands •4-chambered heart •Hair •Teeth are varied
Prototherians- lay eggs
Marsupials- newborns move to pouch
Eutherians- more developed at birth –5,000 species, 20 major groups

26
Q

History of life on land

A

•1st 2 billion years: no terrestrial life •1.8-1.3 bya1st eukaryotes (marine) •1.2 byapro0sts, bacteria on land •1360-635 mya1st mul0cellular organisms •500 mya1stterrestrial mul0cellular organisms –Fungi, then plants –Animals invade land later see similar forms, land and sea: e.g. snails, crabs

27
Q

All green plants

A

Chlorophyll a and b Starch – storage Cellulose – cell walls

28
Q

Only in land plants

A

Alterna0on of genera0ons •Spores •Apical meristems-localized growth •Plasmodesmata- cell communica0on

29
Q

Advantageous Innova0ons

A

Vascular 0ssue –Cells specialized for transport of fluids allowed increase in stature •Leaves –Specialized organ for photosynthesis •Roots –uptake of water, minerals •Seeds –Next genera0on dispersed with food, dormancy •Flowers –Pollinators enable wide crossing, increases diversity

30
Q

Alterna0on of Genera0ons

A

All land plants have separate, mul0cellular bodies that perform either fer0liza0on or meiosis

31
Q

Sporophyte

A

produces cells that undergo meiosis –Products of meiosis called spores

32
Q

Gametophyte

A

produces gametes –Develops from spores

33
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

Mosses •liverworts •hornworts

Dominant gametophyte •Sporophyte in this group is ephemeral –Only briefly green (photosynthe0c) –Dependent on gametophyte for nutri0on •Small, live in moist environments

Even the gametophyte has a simple body –Few cell types, most are photosynthe0c –Only a few cells thick –Lacks seeds –Lacks leaves, stems, roots –Lacks vascular 0ssue

34
Q

Moss life cycle

A

Dominant gametophyte

35
Q

Vascular plants

A

Tracheids conduct water over long distances –Allows great size –Structural support against gravity •Dominant sporophyte •Most have true roots •Some reproduce using seeds •Seedless vascular plants have other primi0ve characteris0cs

36
Q

First Vascular Plants

A

Stem only •No leaves, no roots –Rhizoids hold in place –“rhizome” underground stem •Stem branches at 0p –equal split –“dichotomous” •Reproduce by producing spores in sporangia

37
Q

2 origins of leaves

A

Flattened, sterile sporangia microphylls

Fusions of side branches megaphylls (true leaves)

38
Q

Lycophytes

A

“Club mosses” (not a moss!) •Microphylls•Dichotomous branching •Spores produced in sporangia in strobilus (no seeds) •Uncommon now •Primary parent material for coal!

39
Q

Ferns and Fern Allies

A

do not produce seeds

40
Q

Horse tail (FERN)

A

Unbranched stem, small leaves in whorls

41
Q

Whisk Fern

A

No leaves, no roots, dichotomous branching

42
Q

Ferns

A

Most diverse –Have true leaves, roots –Both gametophyte and sporophyte are green

43
Q

Seed plants

A 
Seeds:   –protect, nourish embryo –Allow survival through unfavorable condi0ons •Most successful:  > 90% of biomass –Many species, found in most places on earth –Most recent (400 million years ago) •Vascular- trees come from seeds! 
Sperm nonmo0le (no longer dependent on water for fer0liza0on) –Contained in pollen (male gametophyte)
44
Q

two types of seed plants

A

Gymnosperms –

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

45
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Seeds from cones (not flowers) •Cycads •Gnetales•Ginkgo •conifers

46
Q

Angiosperms

A

Seeds produced inside an ovary (part of the flower) •Most diverse, successful, highly evolved –Monocots: 70,000 species –Eudicots: 170,000 species •Economically important –Food –Fiber –Building materials –drugs •Animal pollinators –Aarac0ve flowers •Flowers most useful for iden0fica0on

47
Q

eudicot

A

Major groups include: Daisies and rela0veslegumes (peas, beans) roses
two cotyledons, viens, vascular bundles in a ring, taproot, floral parts in 4 or 5

48
Q

monocot

A

one cotyledon, parellel viens, vascular bundles arranged complex, fibrous roots, floral in multiles of 3
Major groups include: Palm trees cereal grains, other grasseslilies, orchids, irises

Bio 1412 (4 decks)

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