Animal Diversity

Question 1

Animal

Answer 1

Opisthokonts
Multicellular: cell adhere mitotic division
Hetertropic- eat other animals
Internal digestion
Motility- Muscles, nerves, skelton 
Sponges Diploblastic animals Eumetazoans

Question 2

Animals are monophyletic

Answer 2

common ancestor thought to resemble colonial choanoflagellates

Question 3

Sponges

Answer 3

ack 8ssues (groups of similar cells ac8ng as one) –Body form: cup-shaped –Inner surface composed of choanocytes•Flagella beat to draw water through pores to central cavity

Question 4

Diploblasitc animals

Answer 4

2 body layers •Central gastrovascular cavity –Single opening is both mouth and anus –Tentacles trap prey, sweep into mouth •Noncentralized nerve net •Aqua8c- body supported by water

Question 5

Cnidarians

Answer 5

Jelly fish corals Diploblastic Animals

Question 6

Jelly fish and comb jellies

Answer 6

2 body layers in embryo –Dis8nct organ systems –Radial symmetry

Question 7

More complex animals

Answer 7

3 embryonic layers –Bilateral symmetry

Question 8

Early embryo- hollow ball of cells (blastula) Invaginaiton: beginning of gut (gastrula)

Answer 8

Chordates and echinoderms- deuterostomes

Arthropods and molluscs- protostomes

Question 9

Lophotrochozoans - Invertabte

Answer 9

bryozoans, molluscs, annelids) •common larval form, feeding apparatus

Question 10

Ecdysozoans Invertabrate

Answer 10

arthropods- most different species 10^18 nematodes) •Shed exoskeleton to grow

Question 11

Deuterostomes Invertabrate

Answer 11

echinoderms, hemichordates, vertebrates) •Mouth forms second

Question 12

Arthropods - Ecdysozoan

Answer 12

Most complex of the ecdysozoansSuccess due to: Body supported by an exoskeleton (chi8n, hard but flexible) Segmented body plan (metameric) Paired, jointed appendages

Question 13

Anthropods Examples

Answer 13

Crustaceans lobster marine, terrestrial
Hexapods grasshopper terrestrial
Myriapods millipede
Chelicerate horseshoe crab, spiders

Question 14

Simpler ecdysozoans (shed exoskeleton to grow)

Answer 14

Tardigrades
Limbs not jointed When too dry, shrink up, can survive a decade
Others: no limbs at all Nematodes- round worms No segmenta8on Scavengers, predators, or parasites e.g. Trichinella- parasite of swine
Caenorhabditiselegans- lab animal

Question 15

Lophotrochozoans

Answer 15

have a lophophore (feeding structure) and a trochophore (free-living larval stage)

Question 16

Lophotrochozoans examples

Answer 16

Molluscs:Have a foot (locomoiton) Internal organs- “visceral mass” Mantle- secretes shell
Gastropods e.g. snail
Bivalves e.g. clams
Cephalopods e.g. octopus
Other lophotrochozoans:
Annelids e.g. earthworms,
leeches segmented bodies Flatworms e.g. flukes, tapeworms most are internal parasites simple bodies-often lack digesitve tracts
Roitfers Have a ciliated corona- sweeps food into mouth Some species- only females
Bryozoans colonial

Question 17

Deuterostomes

Answer 17

Blastophore becomes the anus

Question 18

Echinoderms

Answer 18

Most are radially symmetric as adults Larvae are bilaterally symmetric Move and feed using “tube feet
Echinoderms evolved from bilateral ancestor but exhibit radial as adults

Question 19

Chordates

Answer 19

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (CNS) 
•Postanal tail (locomo8on) •
Notochord (flexible support) –
Embryonic only in some •
Pharyngeal slits (gas exchange) •
Lancets •
Tunicates (no notocord in adult, sessile) 
•vertebrates

Question 20

Jawed fishes

Answer 20

Caritlaginous fish: sharks, rays •Bony fish (ray-finned) •Lobe-fins

Question 21

Most primitive tetrapods (land animals)

Answer 21

Amphibians –Frogs (no tail as adults) –Salamanders –Caecilians (limbs lost) •Moist skin •Require water for eggs (no shell) •Wet habitats

Question 22

Vertebrate innovaitons

Answer 22

•Internal skeleton •With vertebrae •Of bone (vs. car8lage) •Jointed fins •Nares (breathe air) •Terrestrial limbs •Amnio&c eggs: withstand drying condi&ons

Question 23

Amniotes:

Answer 23

rep8les & mammals

Question 24

reptiles

Answer 24

Turtles Tuataras Squamates: Snakes, lizards Crocodilians Dinosaurs and birds •Amnio8c egg provides “private pond” •Scales (kera8n)

Question 25

mammals

Answer 25

Mammary glands •Sweat glands •4-chambered heart •Hair •Teeth are varied Prototherians- lay eggs Marsupials- newborns move to pouch Eutherians- more developed at birth –5,000 species, 20 major groups

Question 26

History of life on land

Answer 26

•1st 2 billion years: no terrestrial life •1.8-1.3 bya1st eukaryotes (marine) •1.2 byapro0sts, bacteria on land •1360-635 mya1st mul0cellular organisms •500 mya1stterrestrial mul0cellular organisms –Fungi, then plants –Animals invade land later see similar forms, land and sea: e.g. snails, crabs

Question 27

All green plants

Answer 27

Chlorophyll a and b Starch – storage Cellulose – cell walls

Question 28

Only in land plants

Answer 28

Alterna0on of genera0ons •Spores •Apical meristems-localized growth •Plasmodesmata- cell communica0on

Question 29

Advantageous Innova0ons

Answer 29

Vascular 0ssue –Cells specialized for transport of fluids allowed increase in stature •Leaves –Specialized organ for photosynthesis •Roots –uptake of water, minerals •Seeds –Next genera0on dispersed with food, dormancy •Flowers –Pollinators enable wide crossing, increases diversity

Question 30

Alterna0on of Genera0ons

Answer 30

All land plants have separate, mul0cellular bodies that perform either fer0liza0on or meiosis

Question 31

Sporophyte

Answer 31

produces cells that undergo meiosis –Products of meiosis called spores

Question 32

Gametophyte

Answer 32

produces gametes –Develops from spores

Question 33

Nonvascular plants

Answer 33

Mosses •liverworts •hornworts Dominant gametophyte •Sporophyte in this group is ephemeral –Only briefly green (photosynthe0c) –Dependent on gametophyte for nutri0on •Small, live in moist environments Even the gametophyte has a simple body –Few cell types, most are photosynthe0c –Only a few cells thick –Lacks seeds –Lacks leaves, stems, roots –Lacks vascular 0ssue

Question 34

Moss life cycle

Answer 34

Dominant gametophyte

Question 35

Vascular plants

Answer 35

Tracheids conduct water over long distances –Allows great size –Structural support against gravity •Dominant sporophyte •Most have true roots •Some reproduce using seeds •Seedless vascular plants have other primi0ve characteris0cs

Question 36

First Vascular Plants

Answer 36

Stem only •No leaves, no roots –Rhizoids hold in place –“rhizome” underground stem •Stem branches at 0p –equal split –“dichotomous” •Reproduce by producing spores in sporangia

Question 37

2 origins of leaves

Answer 37

Flattened, sterile sporangia microphylls | Fusions of side branches megaphylls (true leaves)

Question 38

Lycophytes

Answer 38

“Club mosses” (not a moss!) •Microphylls•Dichotomous branching •Spores produced in sporangia in strobilus (no seeds) •Uncommon now •Primary parent material for coal!

Question 39

Ferns and Fern Allies

Answer 39

do not produce seeds

Question 40

Horse tail (FERN)

Answer 40

Unbranched stem, small leaves in whorls

Question 41

Whisk Fern

Answer 41

No leaves, no roots, dichotomous branching

Question 42

Ferns

Answer 42

Most diverse –Have true leaves, roots –Both gametophyte and sporophyte are green

Question 43

Seed plants

Answer 43

``` Seeds: –protect, nourish embryo –Allow survival through unfavorable condi0ons •Most successful: > 90% of biomass –Many species, found in most places on earth –Most recent (400 million years ago) •Vascular- trees come from seeds! Sperm nonmo0le (no longer dependent on water for fer0liza0on) –Contained in pollen (male gametophyte) ```

Question 44

two types of seed plants

Answer 44

Gymnosperms – | Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Question 45

Gymnosperms

Answer 45

Seeds from cones (not flowers) •Cycads •Gnetales•Ginkgo •conifers

Question 46

Angiosperms

Answer 46

Seeds produced inside an ovary (part of the flower) •Most diverse, successful, highly evolved –Monocots: 70,000 species –Eudicots: 170,000 species •Economically important –Food –Fiber –Building materials –drugs •Animal pollinators –Aarac0ve flowers •Flowers most useful for iden0fica0on

Question 47

eudicot

Answer 47

Major groups include: Daisies and rela0veslegumes (peas, beans) roses two cotyledons, viens, vascular bundles in a ring, taproot, floral parts in 4 or 5

Question 48

monocot

Answer 48

one cotyledon, parellel viens, vascular bundles arranged complex, fibrous roots, floral in multiles of 3 Major groups include: Palm trees cereal grains, other grasseslilies, orchids, irises