Lecture 2 (potential exam questions)

Question 1

What are the three types of theoretical frameworks and give an explanation and example of each type.

Answer 1

Static theories: stable theories.
- Traits/dispositions explain behavior, for example theory of low self-control (Gottfredson & Hirschi 1990)
Dynamic theories: theories that have development heterogeneity.
- Within-individual differences (life course CB), cumulative continuity & self-selection
Typological theories: combination of static and dynamic theories.
- Types of offenders, causes and mechanisms.

Question 2

What do Gottfredson & Hirschi argue, and what is the critique on this

Answer 2

That all crime is due to variations in low self-control. However self-control does change over time, and opportunity matters.

Question 3

Why do bonds discourage (control) criminal behavior? Give four mechanisms and explain them briefly.

Answer 3

1) Attachments (concern what others think)
2) Commitment (to conventional activities)
3) Involvement (investment of time)
4) Beliefs (sociolization, morality)

Question 4

Continuity/change is determined by several factors
- Social bonds and controls
- Routine activities
- Human agency
Give an example and explain what happens with these factors.

Answer 4

Example: educational transitions
- Change/disruption in bonds with family, friends
- More (un)structured routine activities
- Life events: moving schools