Lecture 2 - Perceptual and Sensorimotor Development Flashcards
Vision development
Distinguishing objects
Colour preferences
Pattern/ plain prefences
Face perception
Newborn 1 month 2 months 3 months 4 months 5 months 6 months 8 months 12 months
Newborn
⦁ Can distinguish visual forms if close enough
⦁ 20/400 vision
⦁ Prefer colour to grey
⦁ Prefer pattern to plain stimuli
⦁ Track faces more than other stimui -> proof to support a Nature in nature vs. nurture, though nurture argument suggests bias to facial stimuli gives more experience with faces
1 month
⦁ Prefer to focus on edges when scanning faces (see facial scanning diagram)
⦁ Depth preception development: Kinetic cues -> motion parallax (nearby objects appear to more faster than distant ones) =
2 months
⦁ See full colour spectrum (2-4 months)
⦁ Prefer more complex patterns to simple ones
⦁ Start to focus more on internal features -> sticky fixation (difficulty disengaging visual attention from one feature to another) (see facial scanning diagram)
⦁ Prefer more complex facial stimuli (prefer mothers face -> nature as recognise them first, nurture as more exposed to mother than other faces), discriminate individual faces
3 months
⦁ Begin to process binocular cues (depth perception) -> brain perceives depth when combinging angle differences between each eye (3-5 months)
4 months
⦁ See’s subjective contours (What does this mean?)
5 months
⦁ Discriminate emotional expressions (5-12 months)
⦁ Begin to process pictorial cues (depth perception - 5-7 months)
⦁ Interposition -> an object overlapping another => appears nearer
⦁ Linear perspecitive -> parallel lines apear to converge in distance
⦁ Is there a relation between depth perception development and moter development? - enabling babies to perceive objects so as not to walk into them and to understand the world around
6 months
⦁ Approximately normal acuity compared to adult
⦁ Are toy design’s of any real benefit beyond this age?
⦁ Adult-like visual scanning
8 months
⦁ More interest in distant/ tiny objects
12 months
⦁ Recognise incomplete line drawings : habituation - A form of learning reflected in decrease in response strength due to repeated stimuli (find the relevance of habituation)
Perception of a whole shape as opposed to edges and corners, improves over the first year
Methods of assessment of preferential vision
Looking chamber
Paired stimuli
Visual cliff
One side is high and the other is low but has a sheet of glass across such that if the baby goes across they do not fall
Nature-nurture -> did the child learn they can get get hurt by falling and thus fear it or were they born with the knowledge
Comparing infants of different species in order to assess whether different species respond differently -> humans have more crawling experience => more avoidant of cliff (conscious off going over it)
Use mothers facial responses to determ what to do about the cliff
Happy mothers= more likely went over
75% crossed when happy
0% crossed when mother looked fearful
Baby is uncertain and so decides to look around to mother for guidance of what to do
Hearing development
Newborn
⦁ More mature at birth than vision
⦁ Less sensitive than adults to quietest sounds (higher auditory threshold -> quitest sound can hear)
⦁ Most sensitive to the sound range of speech (more experience with this sound? born more preceptive to this range?)
⦁ Prefer infant-directed speech (motherese)
⦁ Prefer mothers voice over stranger
⦁ Prefer familiar rhyme heard during last six weeks of pregnancy to a novel rhyme (hearing from the womb and recognising the sounds)
⦁ Turn head towards sound (localisation of the sound only perceiving direction)
⦁ Prefer music to non-melodic sounds
4-6 months
⦁ Prefer more common chords (more exposure to them?)
6 months
⦁ Distinguissh Western vs. non-Western music scales
7 months
⦁ Are aware of whether the sound of an object in the dark is within reach or not (localisation of sound to the distance also)
2 years
⦁ Adult like localisation of sounds
Taste development
Taste development
Newborn ⦁ Detect 4 main tastes from two hours ⦁ Sweet -> preference ⦁ Salty ⦁ Sour ⦁ Bitter
4 months
⦁ Prefer salty to plain
Survival value of these preferences
Smeel development
Newborns prefer familiar odours (amniotic fluid, breast milk and perfume)
Is there an innate relation? universal expression responses to oduours (sweet vs. rotten)
Touch development
Face, hands and feet are the most sensitive
Have the same pain receptors as adults
Motor newborn reflexes
Essential Rooting Sucking -> to get milk etc. Swallowing -> to eat/ drink for survival Swimming
Non-essential
Moro (Startle) -> baby stretching out his arms with a startle on suppenly being released for instant
Gipping (palmar grasp)
Stepping
Babinski -> Babies toes fanning out responding to stimulus (e.g. tickling bottom of foot) –> plantar reflex in adults (toes flex inwards)
Sudden infant death
Unexplained sudden death under one -> usually in sleep
Criticial risk period 1-4 months (when reflexes are low) -> respiratory occlusion reflex (reduced airflow to baby => head back, them move hands in face wiping motion, then cry if still blocked
Vunerable infant -> physical problems from birth
External ‘stressor’ (smoker, sleep positiong etc.)
Triple risk model shows ven diagram interaction of factors contributing to SIDS
Posture and locomotion development = crawl -> walk
Newborn 2 - 4 months 2.5 - 4.5 months 3.5 - 6.5 months 4.5 - 7.5 months 5 - 9.5 months 6 - 10 months 7 - 12.5 months 9.5 - 14 months 11 - 14 months
Newborn
⦁ Prone possition (lie down), lifts head
2 months - 4 months
⦁ Prone position, chest up -> using arms as support
2.5 months - 4.5 months
⦁ Rolls over
3.5 months - 6.5 months
⦁ Support some weight with legs
4.5 months - 7.5 months
⦁ Sits without support
5 months - 9.5 months
⦁ Stands with support
6 months - 10 months
⦁ Pulls self to stand
7 months- 12.5 months
⦁ Walks with support of furtniture
9.5 months - 14 months
⦁ Stands alone easily
11 months - 14 months
⦁ Walks alone easily
Motor development
Newborn = Pre-reaching 3-4 mo = Goal-directed reaching 5 mo = Grasp anticipates object orientation 9 mo = Grasp anticipates object size 18 mo = Tool use, spoon to feed self
