Lecture 1 - Prenatal Development

Question 1

Prenatal

Answer 1

Before birth

Question 2

Perinatal

Answer 2

Around the birth

Question 3

Zygote stage

Answer 3

0-2 wks

Egg in ovary -> Fallopian tube -> fertilised -> develop -> uterus (week) -> dividing and developing -> implant in wall

Question 4

Embryo stage

Answer 4

3-8 wks 
Structural development 
Cell ball -> elongated neural tube, surrounded by transparent amniotic sac (waters) to protect 
High miscarriage risk  
Can feel at this stage

Question 5

Placenta

Answer 5

Disc-like structure

Connecting embryo to uterus

Question 6

Umbilical cord

Answer 6

Tube connecting embryo and placenta
Oxygen and nutrients
Removes carbon dioxide and waste

Question 7

Foetus stage

Answer 7

9-38 wks
Functional development
Brain develops most

Question 8

When can you tell sex

Answer 8

Wk 12

Question 9

When does mother start to feel movement

Answer 9

Wk 17 - 20

Question 10

Viability

Answer 10

Wk 22-26
Could survive if delivered
Only developing body fat in last few weeks and turn around

Question 11

Teratogens

Answer 11

Environmental agent that can cause prenatal damage

During sensitive period (3-8 weeks most major effects)
Effects specific to developing at the time
Longer exposure = worse effect
Some have no effect on mother
Genes may counteract effects

Question 12

Teratogens prescription drugs

Answer 12

Thalidomide- morning sicken drug, limb and face deformities

DES - hormone to prevent miscarriage, reproductive problems and genital cancer in infant

Question 13

Teratogens Caffeine

Answer 13

Large quantities
Caffeine addiction in baby
Miscarriage
Low birth weight

Question 14

Teratogens Tobacco

Answer 14

Chemical in smoke -> miscarriage, premature
Nicotine -> placenta growth defect -> nutrition -> low birth weight
Carbon Monoxide-> reduce oxygen in baby

Question 15

Teratogens alcohol

Answer 15

Foetal alcohol syndrome 
Stunted growth 
Mental retardation 
Worst in first trimester 
Effect any time (brain always developing)

Question 16

Teratogens radiation

Answer 16

Miscarriage
Stunted growth
Physical defects
Cancer

Question 17

Teratogens pollution

Answer 17

Premature
LBW
Cognitive delays

Question 18

Teratogens infectious diseases

Answer 18

TORCH (most serious -> midwifes analogy)
Toxoplasmosis - parasitic infections in cats (litter box) and raw meat, brain and eye damage
Other viruses - HIV/AIDS, small head, physical and mental defects, 25% chance in baby if untreated - 1% if treated
Rubella - eyes, ears, heart, mental retardation
CMV - flu like in adults (virus), growth, mental retardation, small head, not always obvious at birth
Heroes - eyes, brain, motor system, miscarriage and mental retardation, contracted when coming out birth canal (if active at the time)

Question 19

Teratogens Zika Virus

Answer 19

Mosquito born infection 
Mike fever in mother 
Small brain 
Infects foetal brain tissue 
No vaccine

Question 20

Mothers age effect on baby

Answer 20

Fertility problems with age 
Miscarriage 
Chromosomal damage 
Odds better if already had children 
Teen mums also risk, if no prenatal care -> more at risk as wanting to hide it

Question 21

Maternal nutrition risks

Answer 21

Weight gain
Folic acid - neural tube defects, forms spinal cord
Malnutrition - premature, miscarriage
-> anencephaly (spine not close at top, cannot survive few days)
-> spina bifida (doesn’t close at the bottom)
Major issues on ultrasound, abort anencephaly

Question 22

Toxaemia effect on babies

Answer 22

High blood pressure (from pregnancy)
Restricted growth
Premature
Still birth

Question 23

Maternal diabetes on baby

Answer 23

Too much sugar to baby
High birth weight
Premature
Temporary breathing problems

Question 24

Prenatal complications newborn assessment

Answer 24

1 and 5 minutes after birth 
0-2 points 
A- activity, floppy or strong 
P- pulse, above 100bpm
G- grimace, response to external stimulation 
A- appearance, bright pink (oxygen) 
R- respiration, crying 
0-3= severe depressed, 4-6= moderately depressed, 7-19= excellent condition