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PATHOLOGY EXAM 2 > lecture 2 part 1: male > Flashcards

lecture 2 part 1: male Flashcards

1
Q

excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism, cleans blood, regulates body water and electrolytes

A

kidney
turns 1.5 L into urine

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2
Q

kidney endocrine organ- secretes hormones
renin
erythropoietin

A

renin- blood pressure
erythropoietin- proliferative effect on bone marrow

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3
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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4
Q

3 morphologic components of nephron

A

glomeruli
convoluted tubules
collecting ducts

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5
Q

controls blood pressure

A

juxtaglomerular complex

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6
Q

juxtaglomerular cells in wall of afferent arteriole are sensor for

A

bp

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7
Q

macula densa in wall of distal convoluted tubule

A

sensor for sodium

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8
Q

associated with many primary renal disorders, elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, related the reduced glomerular filtration rate GFR

A

azotemia

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9
Q

hypoperfusion of kidneys decreases GFR in absence of parenchymal damage

A

post-renal azotemia

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10
Q

urine flow obstructed below level of kidney

A

post-renal azotemia

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11
Q

progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic biochemical abnormalities
-failure of renal excretory function
-metabolic and endocrine alterations

A

uremia

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12
Q

(glomerular syndrome) – heavy proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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13
Q

– (glomerular syndrome) – acute onset of grosslyvisible hematuria, mild-to-moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and
hypertension (classic presentation of acute post-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis)

A

Nephritic syndrome

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14
Q

oliguria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia. May
result from glomerular injury or acute tubular necrosis

A

Acute renal failure

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15
Q

prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia – the end
result of all renal disease

A

Chronic renal failure

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16
Q

– bacteriuria and pyuria –
symptomatic or asymptomatic - kidney (pyelonephritis)
or bladder (cystitis)

A

urinary tract infections

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17
Q

kidney stones - colic, hematuria

A

nephrolithiasis

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18
Q

A non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of
protein from the blood into the urine.
severe edema

A

nephrotic syndrome

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19
Q

A non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the
blood into the urine.

hematuria
hypertension

A

nephritic

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20
Q

an immune mediated disease of the renal glomeruli
-treated with steroids

A

glomerulonephritis

21
Q
  • an infection of the kidney (not the glomerulus) usually
    caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin
    -treated with antibiotics
A

pyelonephritis

22
Q

pathway of renal infection (pyelonephritis)

A

Hematogenous dissemination – least common

Ascending infection – most common

Fecal bacteria from perineal area

Culture and sensitivity – Bactrim

Pyelonephritis is much more common than
glomerulonephritis

23
Q

-Common
-May cause obstruction
Pain
-Ascending infection
-Hematuria
-Pyuria
-Lithotripsy
-May be associated with hypercalcemia (for example,
hyperparathyroidism, multiple myeloma)

A

kidney stones (nephrolithiasis urolithiasis

24
Q

simple stones too large to pass through, ultrasound shock waves crush stones, smaller pieces pass out in body in urine

A

ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

25
Q

-Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis
-Increased myocardial oxygen demand
-Ventricular remodeling
-Heart failure
-Increased risk for arrhythmias

A

cardiovascular system

26
Q

-Atherosclerosis
-Aortic dissection
-Abdominal aortic aneurysm
-Peripheral vascular disease

A

peripheral vascular system

27
Q

-Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
-End-stage renal disease

A

renal system

28
Q

-Hemorrhagic CVA
-Thromboembolic CVA

A

CNS

29
Q

-Retinal infarction
-Hypertensive retinopathy
-Blindness

A

visual system

30
Q

-Affects arterioles

-Thickened walls reduce lumen
diameter causing ischemic injury

-*Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Benign hypertension
Diabetes mellitus

-*Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
Malignant hypertension

A

arteriosclerosis

31
Q

anterio-venous fistula

A

dialysis shunt

32
Q

-Arises from renal tubular epithelium
-Often silent
-May grow into renal vein

A

renal cell carcinoma

33
Q

-Children under 5 years
-Abdominal mass
-Chronic low-grade fever
-Histopathology consists of several cell types,
some of which resemble abortive glomeruli
and others that resemble skeletal muscle
-Better than 90% 5-year survival

A

wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)

34
Q

-Arises from the urinary tract lining epithelium (transitional epithelium)
-Bladder most common site
-Painless hematuria
-Cigarette smoking, industrial solvents (betanaphthlylamine), chronic cystitis,
schistosomiasis, drugs (cyclophosphamide)
-Clinical significance depends on histologic
grade, differentiation and depth of invasion

A

urothelial carcinoma

35
Q

3 major diseases of prostate

A
  1. prostatitis
  2. benign prostatic hyperplasia
  3. adenocarcinoma of prostate
36
Q

-Protein present in the serum at low levels (nl: < 4 ng/mL)
-Increased levels may suggest the presence of prostate cancer
-Elevated in prostatitis
-Velocity of change significant

A

prostate-specific antigen- PSA

37
Q

Physiologic functions
Liquefy semen, allowing sperm to swim freely
Dissolution of cervical mucous cap

A

prostate-specific antigen PSA

38
Q

Acute bacterial disease treated with antibiotics

A

prostatitis

39
Q

Obstruction to flow
Urinary frequency
Ascending infections
Rule-out neoplasia
Pharmacologic treatment
Surgical treatment (TURP)

A

nodular (benign) prostatic hyperplasia BPH

40
Q

70% of men develop prostate cancer by 70-80 years of age
Digital prostate examination
Biopsy – multiple cores
Wide variation in clinical behavior
Gleason grading

A

adenocarcinoma of prostate

41
Q

undescended testes

A

cryptorchidism

42
Q

germ cell tumor (malignant)

A

seminoma

43
Q

tuberculosis, mumps, syphilis, gonorrhea

A

infections

44
Q

-Absence of one or both testes in the scrotum

-Failure of testis to descend from an abdominal position through the inguinal canal into
the scrotum (“undescended” testes)
-Infertility
-Increased risk for neoplasia
-Orchiopexy

A

cryptochidism

45
Q

Most common germ cell tumor of testis

Young adults (15-34 years)
Surgery plus radiation therapy and chemotherapy
One of the most treatable and curable cancers
Over 95% long-term survival in early stages

A

seminoma

46
Q

Complications rare in the young and more common in older individuals

A

infectious parotitis

47
Q

-Developmental defect of the urethra in the male
-Abnormally placed urethral meatus
-Urethral meatus opens on the glans penis most
commonly (first degree hypospadias)

A

hypospadias

48
Q

Foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the penis

A

phimosis

49
Q

-Erect penis or clitoris does not return to its flaccid state, despite the absence of
both physical and psychological stimulation, within four hours
-medical emergency
-hematologic diseases (sickle cell disease or leukemia)
-trauma

A

priapism

PATHOLOGY EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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