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Oral Microbiology > Lecture 2 - Oral Bacteria & Systemic Connections > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Oral Bacteria & Systemic Connections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The oral microbiome consists of about ___ species of bacteria.

A

700

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2
Q

Resistance against pathogens, metabolic functions, and immune activation are three mechanisms by which microbes are…

A

beneficial

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3
Q

Chronic diseases are caused by microbial community _________ and loss of _______ species.

A

disruptions

healthy

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4
Q

Antibiotics and antiseptics are therapies that focus on broad (nonspecific) _________ of germs.

A

eradication

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5
Q

Probiotics, prebiotics, and targeted antimicrobials are therapies that encourage _______ communities.

A

healthy

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6
Q

T/F

Oral bacteria can translocate to cause disease elsewhere in the body.

A

True

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7
Q

T/F

Oral infections can release toxins that cause systemic problems.

A

True

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8
Q

In the early 1900’s, teeth and tonsils were thought to be the source of many diseases and were ________. This focal infection theory was discredited by year ____.

A

removed

1930

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9
Q

25 years ago, oral infections were linked with ___________ disease.

A

cardiovascular

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10
Q

What are the two direct mechanisms for oral connections?

A
  • translocation of bacteria

- translocation of toxin

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11
Q

A distant site becomes infected via seeding by oral bacteria. Give an example of this mechanism.

A
  • translocation of bacteria

- oral bacteria gain entry into circulatory system (bacteremia)

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12
Q

A distant site effect from toxin produced by oral bacteria. Give an example of this mechanism.

A
  • translocation of toxin

- endotoxin from gram negative bacteria in periodontal pocket enters circulatory system (promotes inflammation)

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13
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene polymorphisms associated with increase in periodontitis and systemic diseases is an example of what common pathway to disease?

A

Host hyper-inflammatory phenotype

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14
Q

What constitutes good evidence for oral systemic effects?

A
  • epidemiological studies (show association)

- evidence of causality (human trials, demonstration of effects)

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15
Q

Platelets and fibrin adhere to exposed connective tissues producing ___________ __________ _________ (NBTE)

A

nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

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16
Q

In infective endocarditis, bacteria from oral cavity enter blood stream (________) and adhere to NBTE.

A

bacteremia

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17
Q

In infective endocarditis, adhered bacteria from oral cavity multiply and cause _______/_______ injury.

A

cardiac/valvular

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18
Q

In infective endocarditis, multiplied bacteria are discharged into circulation producing what two conditions?

A
  • emboli

- stroke

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19
Q

The oral bacteria primarily responsible for infective endocarditis is…

A

streptococci (60+%)

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20
Q

Two other oral bacteria associated with infective endocarditis are…

A

A. actinomycetemcomitans

Gemella

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21
Q

Skin bacteria associated with infective endocarditis is…

A

staphylococci

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22
Q

In theory, _________ ________ prevents hematogenous spread of bacteria (bacteremia).

A

antibiotic prophylaxis (AP)

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23
Q

In practice, antibiotic prophylaxis (does or does not) prevent bacteremia?

A

does NOT

24
Q

T/F

There is no solid evidence that dental procedures are associated with infective endocarditis.

A

True

25
Q

What may reduce bacteremia?

A

good oral health and hygiene practices

26
Q

T/F
Random bacteremia from dental procedures is more likely to cause infective endocarditis than routine activities (such as brushing or chewing).

A

False

Other way around - routine activities more likely to cause IE than dental procedures

27
Q

It’s more important to optimize regular _____ ________ measures to keep bacterial load low than to give _________ _________.

A

oral hygiene

antibiotic prophylaxis

28
Q

What are the two causes of aspiration pneumonia?

A
  • aspiration of oral secretions

- oral bacteria

29
Q

Give two examples of when airway protective reflexes may be compromised.

A
  • physically handicapped

- elderly

30
Q

This is the leading cause of death from infection in those > 65 years old.

A

aspiration pneumonia

31
Q

Name one thing that can prevent lung infection.

A

Oral hygiene measures

32
Q

Bacteria in amniotic fluid, some of them common oral species, are associated with _______ ______.

A

preterm birth

33
Q

Periodontitis is associated with what three pregnancy-related conditions?

A
  • preterm birth
  • low birthweight
  • pre-eclampsia
34
Q

T/F

Current evidence shows periodontal treatment reduces risk of preterm birth and low birthweight.

A

False

RCTs do not show reduced risk with treatment and current evidence for causal relationship is not strong

35
Q

Immunosuppressed patients (neutropenia, chemotherapy, transplant patients) have a high risk for disseminated _____ or _______ of oral origin.

A

strep

candida

36
Q

In immunosuppressed patients, the focus is on achieving and maintaining good ____ ______.

A

oral health

37
Q

T/F

There is a lack of evidence for relationship to dental treatment or efficacy of antibiotics in the immunosuppressed.

A

True

38
Q

What are three things to consider in the immunosuppressed patient?.

A
  • invasiveness of the procedure
  • bacterial load
  • degree of immunosuppression (ANC)
39
Q

One of the best studied relationships between oral health and systemic disease is…

A

periodontitis and diabetes

40
Q

There is an increased prevalence of __________ in diabetics.

A

periodontitis

41
Q

In diabetics, treatment of periodontitis improves ________ control.

A

glycemic

42
Q

One of the more complex, but one of the first relationships studied is the relationship between…

A

cardiovascular disease and oral bacteria

43
Q

What species of bacteria is associated with the evidence for causality for cardiovascular disease and oral bacteria?

A

P. gingivalis (found in atherosclerotic lesions)

44
Q

Studies show an increased risk of _________ cancer in patients with periodontitis.

A

pancreatic

45
Q

T/F

Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment is not recommended for a patient with a nonvalvular cardiovascular device.

A

True

46
Q

T/F
Most infections of vascular grafts/stents and intravascular access devices are caused by bacteria native to skin and antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment is not recommended.

A

True

47
Q

Distinguish primary and secondary antibiotic prophylaxis with regard to joint prostheses.

A

Primary - at time of device placement unrelated to dental treatment (evidence supports this)
Secondary - to reduce dental procedure-related bacteremia and distant site infection (lack of evidence to support this)

48
Q

What is the most common bacteria found in joint prostheses?

A

staphylococci

49
Q

T/F

There is no indication for antibiotics to prevent oral bacterial source for patients with pins, plates, and screws.

A

True

50
Q

Of the two types of cerebrospinal fluid shunts, ventriculo-peritoneal and ventriculo-atrial, which one is associated with a high rate of infection?

A

ventriculo-peritoneal

51
Q

To summarize, direct transfer of oral bacteria involves what 4 conditions?

A
  • infective endocarditis
  • pneumonia in compromised airway
  • immunosuppression
  • preterm birth ..?
52
Q

Primary preventative strategies in direct transfer of oral bacteria include…

A
  • improve oral health and reduce bacterial load

- AP indicated in specific high risk situations

53
Q

To summarize, transfer of oral bacteria, toxin, or the common inflammatory pathway involve what 3 conditions/diseases?

A
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • cardiovascular disease
  • pancreatic cancer
54
Q

Primary preventative strategies in the transfer of oral bacteria, toxin, or common inflammatory pathway include…

A
  • treat periodontal disease to improve microbial profile

- improve overall health by addressing risk factors

55
Q

T/F

There are no special oral precautions in patients with implanted devices/grafts/shunts/prostheses/etc.

A

True

56
Q

Name 4 things that encourage healthy oral bacterial communities.

A
  • oral hygiene
  • healthy diets
  • fluoride
  • repair dentitions

Oral Microbiology (10 decks)

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