Lecture 2: Neural Development

Question 1

What are the three structures of the fetal brain at 3-7 weeks?

Answer 1

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Question 2

What does the forebrain turn into?

Answer 2

Cerebral Cortex

Question 3

What does the notocord cause to happen?

Answer 3

Thickens the neural plate from the ectoderm. Fibroblast growth factor causes the neural plate to turn into spinal cord.

Question 4

What is derived from the neural fold?

Answer 4

Neural crest cells. They migrate away.

Question 5

What does the notocord lumen become?

Answer 5

Future ventricles of the brain

Question 6

What do the cells of the neural tube become?

Answer 6

Future CNS

Question 7

What do the neural crest cells become?

Answer 7

Future sensory and autonomic ganglia; glial cells

Question 8

How is secondary neuralation different from primary?

Answer 8

Secondary (caudal, S2 and below) starts from “Mesenchymal to epithelial transition”- The tube forms underneath the epithelium. The primary neurulation happens as the tube zips up.

Question 9

How are the alar and basal plates situated?

Answer 9

Alar is dorsal, Basal is ventral around the neural tube.

Question 10

What does the Alar plate become?

Answer 10

Sensory neurons

Question 11

What does the basal plate become?

Answer 11

Motor neurons

Question 12

What are the three zones of cells around the notocord?

Answer 12

Germinal/Matrix zone (innermost, has neural stem cells and neuroblasts)

Mantle (has newly born neurons, glia; will become gray matter)

Marginal Zone (outer most; will become white matter with axons)
Ependymal Cells line the lumen of the nodal cord, will become CNS

Question 13

What determines what neural crest cells become?

Answer 13

Location and chemicals in that location

Question 14

What are neuromeres?

Answer 14

Different segments of the notocord

Question 15

What does the prosencephalon turn into?

Answer 15

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Question 16

What does the mesencephalon turn into?

Answer 16

Mesencephalon

Question 17

What does the rhomencephalon turn into?

Answer 17

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Question 18

What does the telencephalon turn into?

Answer 18

Lateral ventricles
Cerebrum
Basal ganglia

Question 19

What does the diencephalon turn into?

Answer 19

Thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
Third ventricle

Question 20

What does the mesencephalon turn into?

Answer 20

Midbrain

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 21

What does the metencephalon turn into?

Answer 21

Pons
Cerebellum
Fourth ventricle

Question 22

What does the myelencephalon turn into?

Answer 22

Medulla oblongata

Fourth ventricle

Question 23

Where does CSF come from?

Answer 23

Ependymal cells which are covered by pia mater, interior to arachnoid matter. Blood vessels push down into pia mater and ependymal cells. CSF leaks from vessels.

Question 24

What causes cerebral palsy?

Answer 24

Blood vessels burst in premature infants near lateral ventricle. They can’t control blood pressure in those vessels around upper motor neurons.

Question 25

Where are viscerosensory cell bodies compared to somatosensory?

Answer 25

Ventrally

Question 26

How are the neurons situated after the brainstem splits?

Answer 26

Motor is medial, sensory is lateral

Question 27

What do branchial arches give rise to?

Answer 27

Branchiomotor muscles Special ear somatosensory Special taste/olfactory viscerosensory

Question 28

Where does the cerebellum come from?

Answer 28

Alar plate cells migrate dorsally to the rhombic lip in the pons which came from metencephalon

Question 29

Where do the vertebrae come from?

Answer 29

Sclerotome cells migrate down and then up and around the neural tube

Question 30

Where do face bones come from?

Answer 30

Neural crest cells migrate into branchial arches

Question 31

Where do skull bones come from?

Answer 31

Cells from head somites travel down into branchial arches.

Question 32

What are dorsal root ganglia made from?

Answer 32

Neural crest cells

Question 33

Sulcus Limitans

Answer 33

Divids the mantle into basal and alar plates in the spinal cord

Question 34

Optic vesicle origin

Answer 34

Diencephalon before the anterior neuropore closes

Question 35

Posterior Pituitary Origin

Answer 35

Midline evagination in floor of forebrain

Question 36

Pineal Gland Origin

Answer 36

Midline evagination in caudal roof of forebrain

Question 37

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 37

Bundle of axons heading from the telencephalic cells to the diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord.

Question 38

Corpus Callosum

Answer 38

The lamina terminalis that remains as the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres