Lecture 1: Intro to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the somas of lower motor neurons?

A

Brainstem or spinal cord

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2
Q

What types of muscles need to be innervated by many motor units?

A

Small muscles that need rapid and precise control

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3
Q

What are the lower motor neuron signs?

A

Atrophy, fasciculations, hypotonia, hyporeflexia

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4
Q

Myopathy

A

Symmetric bilateral proximal limb weakness.

Proximal muscles lift more weight; will be noticed there first.

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5
Q

Polyneuropathy

A
Symmetric weakness
Lower motor neuron signs
Somatosensory abnormalities
Distal parts of longest nerves affected most
Muscle stretch reflex diminished
Stocking and glove pattern
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6
Q

Mononeuropathy

A

Dysfunction of a single nerve.

Common: median nerve- carpal tunnel syndrome

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7
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Dysfunction of spinal nerve roots
Shooting pain
Somatosensory and LMN abnormalities
Common: L5

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8
Q

What are the corticobulbar tracts?

A

Upper motor neurons descend from the cerebral hemispheres to LMNs in the brainstem.

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9
Q

Corticalspinal Tracts

A

UMNs descending from the cerebral hemispheres to LMNs in the spinal cord

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10
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Signs

A

Hyperreflexia
Hypertonia
Abnormal extensor plantar response (Babinski)

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11
Q

Myelopathy

A

Dysfunction of spinal cord
UMN signs below lesion
LMN signs at level of lesion

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12
Q

Cerebellar Syndrome

A

Incoordinated movements
Slurred speech
Middle cerebellum: Walking trouble
Lateral cerebellum: Ipsilateral limb trouble

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13
Q

Sulci

A

Small grooves in the cerebrum

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14
Q

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in brain

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain

A

GABA and glycine

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16
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere syndrome

A

Weakness, UMN signs on RIGHT side
Slurred speech
Somatosensory and visual abnormalities on right side
Aphasia

17
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere syndrome

A

Weakness, UMN signs on LEFT side
Somatosensory, visual abnormalities on left side
Left hemineglect

18
Q

Diffuse cerebral cortex syndromes

A

General confusion, delirium
Abnormal attention
Motor, sensory, and automatic functions spared