Lecture 2 Metabolic Pathways 1

Question 1

Which molecule forms the other? FAD NADH NAD+ FADH2

Answer 1

FAD -> FADH2 (Requires 2 H) NAD+ -> NADH (Requires 2 H, binds to 1)

Question 2

What is dehydrogenases

Answer 2

Remove hydrogen atoms

Question 3

Recall the descriptions of reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions

Answer 3

Oxidation is the removal of an electron Reduction is the addition of an electron

Question 4

What are the two types of reactions?

Answer 4

Endergonic or Exergonic

Question 5

What are the four types of fatty acids?

Answer 5

.Saturated, Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fats

Question 6

What is Kinases

Answer 6

Add a phosphate group

Question 7

What is the equation for hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 7

ATP+H2O→ADP+Pi+ free energy

Question 8

What is the main source of energy or fuel source used to keep us going

Answer 8

Carbohydrates

Question 9

How many joules are in 1000 calories?

Answer 9

4180 J

Question 10

Adenosine is made up of what two molecule compounds?

Answer 10

Adenine and Ribose. These along with 3 phosphates bind together to form ATP

Question 11

Locate the mitochondria in the sarcomere

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the term for breaking down Glycogen to make glucose?

Answer 12

Glycogenolysis (Meaning Lysis = Break down)

Question 13

What is the term for creating glycogen from glucose?

Answer 13

Glycogenesis (Meaning Genesis = Making)

Question 14

Why is it important to know about the different chemical reactions within the body?

Answer 14

Because thats how we transfer energy from fuel into movement

Question 15

What is the method called for breaking down triglycerides to fatty acids?

Answer 15

Lipolysis

Question 16

Explain the role and action of enzymes in reactions in regulating rate of reaction and how temperature and pH can effect this

Answer 16

.Enzyme activity increases when the body temperature increases. The optimal range for enzymes to be active is above the neutral zone at 7-8.

Question 17

What is Oxidases

Answer 17

Catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen

Question 18

What does fatty acids convert to when stored in the human body?

Answer 18

Triglycerides in adipose tissue

Question 19

What are the two most important fats for metabolism?

Answer 19

Fatty acids and triglycerides

Question 20

How many joules are in 1 calorie?

Answer 20

4.18 J

Question 21

What is Isomerases

Answer 21

Rearrangement of the structure of molecules Just changes the shape

Question 22

Where in the sarcomere are glycogen molecules stored?

Answer 22

.The two major sites of glycogen storage are the liver and skeletal muscle. The concentration of glycogen is higher in the liver than in muscle (10% versus 2% by weight), but more glycogen is stored in skeletal muscle overall because of its much greater mass.

Question 23

What are the sub-classes of carbohydrates

Answer 23

Mono-saccharide (contains 1 saccharide molecule) Di-saccharide (contains two saccharide molecules) Poly-saccharide (contains many saccharide molecules)

Question 24

What does Sucrose derive from?

Answer 24

Glucose and Fructose which is commonly found in lollies and soft drink

Question 25

Does carbohydrates require oxygen to be used?

Answer 25

No, it can be used with or without oxygen.

Question 26

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

Answer 26

Glucose Galactose Fructose

Question 27

Outline the similarities and differences between a typical carbohydrate and triglyceride molecule

Answer 27

.Triglyercides have the exact same properties as carbohydrates except triglyercides have more carbon atoms than carbohydrates.

Question 28

In terms of weight, how much ATP does one adult human store in their body at any one time?

Answer 28

80-100 grams

Question 29

When ATP releases energy what else is the biproduct?

Answer 29

ADP + Pi

Question 30

What is the difference between Anabolic and catabolic

Answer 30

Anabolic reactions construct molecules from smaller units which require energy. Whereas, Catabolic reactions break down molecules into smaller units which releases energy. Ana = Another-and-another Cata = Cut-a-cut-a

Question 31

Where are the triglycerides located on the human body?

Answer 31

.The triglycerides are stored in your fat cells.

Question 32

What is the difference between endergonic vs exergonic

Answer 32

.Exergonic starts with a regular amount of energy and then ends up with a lower amount of energy therefore releasing a positive amount of energy. Endergonic begins with low energy and requires energy to function. Ending with a higher amount of energy. taking energy from its surroundings. Exe = release (explode) End = Energy Resting place

Question 33

What is Hydrolases

Answer 33

Catalyse bond cleavage by reaction with water. Uses water to bond with another molecule

Question 34

In terms of duration, how much ATP does one human body store

Answer 34

2-10 seconds worth at any given time.

Question 35

Where are proteins located in the human body

Answer 35

In muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every other body part or tissue

Question 36

What is metabolism?

Answer 36

The total of ALL cellular reactions.

Question 37

What is the term for creating glucose from other lactates and amino acids?

Answer 37

Gluconeogenesis (Meaning Neo = New, Genesis = Making)

Question 38

When does energy consuming reactions occur?

Answer 38

when coupled to energy releasing reactions. Energy in = Energy Out (work & heat) + Energy stored

Question 39

What type of carbohydrate can be directly metabolised in order to obtain energy?

Answer 39

Glucose, other carbohydrates need to be converted to glucose first within the liver.

Question 40

What is Isomerases

Answer 40

Rearrangement of the structure of molecules

Question 41

How many carbon atoms are in all three types of carbohydrates

Answer 41

Six

Question 42

Locate the fat globule within the Sarcomere

Answer 42