Lecture 2: Macromolecules Flashcards
What are the 4 elements that make up 99% of atoms in our cells
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
what is asymmetric charge distribution
when atoms in a molecule have either a partial negative or positive charge
what are the 4 non-covalent interactions
- ionic bonds: result of electrical attraction bc of opposing charges
- hydrogen bonds: weak bonds as a result of electrical attractions
- van der walls forces: b/w two atoms close in proximity and occurs bc atoms are in costant motion
- hydrophobic interactions
what is the general formula for carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
what are the characteristics of carbohydrates
carbonyl internal position (ketone) and a carbonyl at the other end (aldehyde)
how do monosaccharides link?
covalent bond b/w Carbon 1 of one sugar and the OH of another (alpha 1, 4) linkage
what is an oligosaccaride
small chain of sugars
what is a fat made up of
trigylcerides (glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids)
what is the main difference in saturated vs unsaturated fats
saturated fats = no double bonds in the fatty acid chain whereas there are double bonds in unsaturated fats
what type of bond links fatty acids
ester bonds which links a fatty acid to a glycerol group
what do phospholipids consist of
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group
True or False: phospholipids are amphipathic meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
True
what are nucleic acids composed of
they are made up of nucleotides which consists of a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
what bonds are used to link nucleotides
phosphate linkages
what are some common functions of nucleotides
- stores energy
- can form co-enzymes to help with enzyme function
- can be used as signaling molecules
