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neurophysiology > Lecture 2 - Introduction to Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Introduction to Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves and the spinal nerves (peripheral nerves)

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3
Q

Both the CNS and PNS are made out of

A

Neurons and glia

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4
Q

CNS =

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic system

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5
Q

PNS =

A

Somatic sensory division (afferent), somatic motor division (efferent), visceral sensory divison (afferent), sympathetic division (efferent), the parasympathetic division (efferent) and the neuroendocrine division

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system is …

A

Voluntary

innervates things like our skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system is …

A

involuntary

innervates things like our cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue

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8
Q

Somatic sensory divison

A

Afferent

responsible for relaying information from the body to the CNS

Somatic and special receptors

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9
Q

Somatic motor division

A

Efferent

responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction

Somatic effectors (skeletal muscle)

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10
Q

Visceral sensory division (afferent)

A

Autonomic

Visceral receptors receive stimulus that get sent to the CNS

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11
Q

Sympathetic division efferent

A

Autonomic

Fight or flight response

Prepares body for stress responses. Effects include - increased heart rate, constricting blood vessels to skin and viscera to increase blood flow to muscles, decrease digestion, decrease salivation, increase pupil size and increase sweating

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12
Q

Parasympathetic division efferent

A

Autonomic

rest and digest response

Prepares body for restful situations. Effects include decreased heart rate, increase in gastric motility, decrease in pupil size, increase in salivation

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13
Q

Overview of spinal reflex arc

A

Stimulation of receptor

Activation of sensory neurons

Information processing in the CNS

Activation of motor neuron

Response of peripheral effector (agonist muscle is contracted, there is also inhibition of the antagonist muscle)

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14
Q

Integration of the information from the spinal reflex arc

A

stimulus - afferent input via the dorsal root ganglion - up to the brain - modification of the response and travels back down (the afferent signal into the brain CROSSES at the spinal cord i.e. the stimulus is recorded in the brain at the opposite side of the brain that the stimulus was recorded
Stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex are part of the spinal reflex arc

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15
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Muscle spindles/stretch receptors are stimulated when the muscle is stretched. Results in nerve fibre activation and impulses sent from spindles to the spinal cord along afferent fibres. Information is processed at the level of the spinal cord which causes activation of motor neurons which causes innervation/contraction of the muscle in order to prevent overstretching

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16
Q

Withdrawl reflex

A

Painful stimuli triggers APs up afferent pain fibres which synapse in the spinal cord. Signals go up to brain to alert of pain, to other levels of the spinal cord to coordinate movement of other joints and onto efferent motor fibres within that spinal level. Stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors allows doe withdrawal away from the painful stimulus

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17
Q

Lobes of the brain and their roles

A

Each side of the brain has four lobes
Frontal lobe = motor cortex plus behaviour, mood, personality, language
Parietal lobe has the somatosensory cortex and also the association cortex (faces, shapes, words etc.)
Temporal lobe = hearing and memory
Occipital lobe = vision

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18
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

cerebral cortex that covers the front part of the frontal lobe, principal function is aggression and emotion

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19
Q

Basal ganglia (includes thalamus)

A

Voluntary movement

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Neuroendocrine and autonomic control

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21
Q

Brainstem (including pons and medulla)

A

Autonomic/somatic regulation

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22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Integration of sensory and motor information for smooth controlled movement

23
Q

Reticular formation

A

Arousal

24
Q

Limbic system

A

(includes amygdala and hippocampus) = language, learning, emotion, short and long term memory

25
Q

Corpus callosum

A

(part of the limbic system) = communication between the two hemispheres

26
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

27
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus

28
Q

Primary motor cortex organisation

A

the precentral gyrus functions as the primary motor cortex, specific regions of the motor cortex control specific regions of the body
In the frontal lobe
Larger area on brain = highly innervated body part (e.g. face and hands)
Towards sulcus is foot and as you go along the gyrus you progress vertically up the body

29
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex organisation

A

Postcentral gyrus functions as the primary somatosensory cortex, specific regions of the somatosensory cortex receive sensory information from specific regions of the body
In the parietal lobe
Larger area on brain = high sensory innervated body part (e.g, hand, lips, tongue)
Towards sulcus is foot and as you go along the gyrus you progress vertically up the body

30
Q

Autonomic nervous system neurons organisation

A

3 neurons between the brain and effector
Neuron 1 = cell body in brain with axon in brain or spinal cord
Neuron 2 = preganglionic neuron: cell body in brain or spinal cord with myelinated axon in PNS (autonomic ganglion) (neurotransmitter = ACh)
Neuron 3 = post ganglionic neuron: cell body and axon in the PNS (autonomic ganglion) extending to the effector ( neurotransmitter = ACh or Norepinephrine)

31
Q

Sympathetic neurons

A

Preganglionic neuron has short axon
Autonomic ganglion is close to the CNS
Postganglionic neuron has long axon
Release ACh at ganglion, releases NE at the effector (except sweat glands which is ACh)

32
Q

Parasympathetic neurons

A

Preganglionic neuron has a long axon
Autonomic ganglion is distant from the central nervous system
Post ganglionic has a short axon
Release ACh at ganglion, releases ACh at effector

33
Q

Somatic efferent (motor) division neurons

A

Neurotransmitter = ACh
Two neurons between brain and effector (skeletal muscle)- Upper motor neuron (cell body in brain, axon in spinal cord, myelinated- oligodendrocytes because CNS) and the lower motor neuron (cel body in spinal cord, axon in spinal nerve, myelinated - Schwann cells because PNS)

34
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable - K+ and Na+ ion channels, Na+/K+ ATPase, transporter, synapse specialisation
Axon, dendrites, synapse
Neurons are a specialised type of cell that transmit information

35
Q

Glia function

A

Maintain local environment and are involved in metabolism (support cells)
Myelin to help with nerve conduction, cerebrospinal fluid is maintained by these cells
Non-excitable but do have a resting membrane potential - K+ channels, Na+/K+ ATPase, transporters, transporters for support

36
Q

Types of glia

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

37
Q

Astrocytes

A

maintain microenvironment and form part of the blood brain barrier

38
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

(and Schwann cells which are in the PNS) - wrap around the axon to form the myeline sheath

39
Q

Ependymal cells

A

form the ventricular epithelium ( ventricles are the fluid filled spaces in the brain that contain the cerebrospinal fluid), lines the fluid filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord to circulate CSF with their cilia

40
Q

Microglia

A

Mount the CNS immune response

41
Q

Nerves

A

primary role is to provide a pathway to conduct electrical impulses throughout the body. It essentially relays information from one part of the body to another.

Three layers of connective tissue = axons covered in endoneurium, fascicles (bundles of axons) covered in perineurium, nerves are covered with epineurium
Multiple icons are bundled to form fascicles
Fasicles bundle together to form a nerve

42
Q

Axons are covered with

A

Endoneurium

43
Q

Fascicles are covered in

A

perineurium

44
Q

Nerves are covered in

A

epineurium

45
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Communication is very fast, ions flow from cell to cell

Gap junctions

46
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Slower communication, relies upon chemical crossing the gap
Complex series of events
Neurotransmitter packaged in vesicles
Synapse strength can be modified

47
Q

Afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons that carry stimuli towards CNS

48
Q

Efferent neurons

A

motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from CNS and towards muscle to cause movement

49
Q

Dorsal spinal cord

A

Sensory/afferent

50
Q

Ventral spinal cord

A

Motor/efferent

51
Q

Autonomic ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies in the PNS

52
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Between nodes of ranvier, increases speed of action potential

53
Q

Somatic nervous system has what as a part of the system

A

the dorsal root ganglion is part of the somatic sensory nervous system

54
Q

Interneuron in reflexes

A

Interneuron between afferent and efferent - afferent synapses onto the interneuron and the interneuron communicates with the efferent fibres of what to do, interneuron sends information to the brain for processing

neurophysiology (29 decks)

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