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neurophysiology > HUBS191 Neuro recap cards > Flashcards

HUBS191 Neuro recap cards Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebrae divisions

A 
Cervical 
Thoracic 
Lumbar 
Sacrum 
Coccyx
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2
Q

Cervical

A

7

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3
Q

Thoracic

A

12

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4
Q

Lumbar

A

5

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5
Q

Spinal cord starts at….

A

foramen magnum

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6
Q

Spinal cord ends at…

A

Inferior border of L1 vertebrae

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7
Q

What is the spinal cord within?

A

Sack in the spinal cavity which is within the vertebrae and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

Conus medlaris

A

End of the spinal cord is a tapered cone

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9
Q

Filum terminale

A

Extends from the conus medlars to the end of the spinal cavity
It is an extension of the meninges, anchors the spinal cord

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10
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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11
Q

Cervical spinal nerve pairs

A

8 pairs

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12
Q

Thoracic spinal nerve pairs

A

12 pairs

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13
Q

Lumbar spinal nerve pairs

A

5 pairs

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14
Q

Sacral spinal nerve pairs

A

5 pairs

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15
Q

Coccygeal spinal nerve pairs

A

1 pair

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16
Q

Spinal nerve exits

A

C1 nerve exits above the C1 vertebrae - all other spinal nerves exit below their corresponding vertebrae

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17
Q

Cauda equina

A

Large collection of nerves inferior to the end of the spinal cord

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18
Q

Peripheral nerve structure

A

Individual axons may be myelinated or unmyelinated

Axons are covered with endoneurium

Endoneurium covered axons (nerve fibres) are bundled together to form a fascicle

Fascicles are covered with perineurium

Fascicles bundle with each other and with blood vessels to form a nerve

Nerves are covered with epineurium

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19
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS are called…

A

a tract

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20
Q

Dorsal side of spinal cord

A

Sensory (afferent)

Afferent information comes in through the dorsal root

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21
Q

Ventral side of spinal cord

A

Motor (efferent)

Efferent motor information leaves through the ventral root to the effectors

Somatic motor neurons in ventral form of spinal cord

Autonomic in lateral/ventrolateral horns of the spinal cord

22
Q

Dorsal nerve roots

A

Flow of information is one way and the direction is IN

23
Q

Ventral nerve roots

A

Flow of information is one way and the direction is OUT

24
Q

Roots combine to form..

A

Spinal nerve and the flow of information is two ways therefore the direction is IN and OUT

25
Q

Once spinal nerves leave the spinal column…

A

They branch into 2 branches - ventral and dorsal ramus (ramus = branch)

The ventral ramus communicates with the sympathetic chain via 2 sympathetic rami

26
Q

Grey matter in the spinal cord

A

cell bodies

27
Q

White matter in the spinal cord

A

axons

28
Q

Ventral columns

A

White matter

Information descending

29
Q

Dorsal columns

A

White matter

Information ascending

30
Q

Lateral columns

A

Sensory and motor information are going up and down in both directions

31
Q

Four lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

32
Q

Frontal lobe

A 
Motor cortex 
Behaviour 
Mood 
Personality 
Language
33
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory cortex and also the association cortex (faces, shapes, words etc.)

34
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and memory

35
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

36
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Execution of movement
Precentral gyrus - command from neuron here reaches other neuron, causing a somatic efferent neuron synapse on to a skeletal muscle

37
Q

Pre-motor cortex

A

Planning of movement
Anterior part of the motor cortex - once you plan to do something, if you decide to execute the movement then the information is sent to the primary motor cortex which then sends the command to make the movement

38
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Muscle spindles/stretch receptors are stimulated when the muscle is stretched. Results in nerve fibre activation and impulses sent from spindles to the spinal cord along afferent fibres. Information is processed at the level of the spinal cord which causes activation of motor neurons which causes contraction of the muscle to prevent overstretching

39
Q

Withdrawl reflex

A

Painful stimuli triggers action potentials up afferent pain fibres which synapse in the spinal cord. Signals go up to the brain to alert of pain, to other levels of spinal cord to coordinate movement of other joints and onto efferent motor fibres within that spinal level. Stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors allows for withdrawal away from the painful stimulus.

40
Q

Spinal reflex arc overview

A

Stimulation of receptor - activation of sensory neurons - information processing in CNS - activation of motor neuron - response in peripheral effector (contraction of agonist muscle and also inhibition of the antagonist muscle)

Integration of information … stimulus - afferent input via the dorsal root ganglion - up to the brain - modification of the response and travels back down (the afferent signal into the brain crosses at the spinal cord i.e. the stimulus is recorded in the brain at the opposite side of the brain that the stimulus was recorded.

41
Q

Stretch and withdraw reflexes are a part of the …

A

Spinal reflex arc

42
Q

Somatic sensory (afferent) division

A

Responsible for relaying information from the body to the CNS

43
Q

Somatic motor (efferent) division

A

Responsible for sending out commands from CNS to the body, stimulating skeletal muscle contraction

44
Q

Visceral sensory (afferent) division

A

Receptors receive stimulus that gets sent to the CNS

45
Q

Sympathetic division (efferent)

A

Fight or flight response, prepares body for the stress response

e.g. increase heart rate, constricting blood vessels to skin and viscera to increase blood flow to muscles, decrease digestion and salivation, increase pupil size, increased sweating

46
Q

Parasympathetic division (efferent)

A

Rest and digest response, prepares body for restful situations

e.g. decreases heart rate, increases gastric motility, decrease in pupil size, increase in salivation

47
Q

Integration centres for autonomic and somatic are in the

A

CNS, but there actual location is in the PNS

48
Q

Somatic neurons

A

Voluntary
Neuron 1 - upper motor neuron = myelinated by oligodendrocytes, all in the CNS

Neuron 2 - lower motor neuron = myelinated by Schwann cells, PNS, ACh on to effector cells

49
Q

Parasympathetic neurons

A

Involuntary control
Neuron 1
Neuron 2 - Preganglionic neuron = myelinated, long axon, ACh
Neuron 3 - Postganglionic neuron = unmyelinated, short axon, ACh

50
Q

Sympathetic neurons

A

Involuntary control
Neuron 1
Neuron 2 - Preganglionic = myelinated, short axon, ACh
Neuron 3 - Postganglionic = unmyelinated, long axon, NE released at synapse on to the effector

neurophysiology (29 decks)

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