Lecture 2: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PATHOLOGY Flashcards
It is that branch of science that deals with all abnormalities of structure and functions. It involves the study of cells, tissues, organs and body fluids, and is considered the link between basic sciences and clinical studies
Pathology
It is the search for and study of lesions.
Pathology
Two major division of Pathology (2)
Medical Pathology and Veterinary Pathology
It is dedicated to the study of diseases in humans
Medical Pathology
It is dedicated to the study of diseases with all animal species.
Veterinary Pathology
Since veterinary pathology encompasses the disease of human species, this is known to some countries as this name.
Comparative Pathology
As an academic discipline in both human and veterinary medicine, pathology is divided into two major divisions. (2)
Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology
It deals with the study of disease in cells, tissues and organs,
Anatomic Pathology
This latter deals with body fluids and secretions.
Clinical Pathology
It is a traditional academic subdivision that deals with the study of the common denominators of disease, and the mechanisms of disease production
General Pathology
It deals with the study of specific diseases as they affect specific organs and organ system.
Systemic or Special Pathology
It deals with the study of tissue abnormalities using either gross examination or microscopic examination of sectioned materials, traditionally called histopathology.
Diagnostic Pathology
It deals with biopsy materials, or those materials surgically sampled from living animals.
Surgical Pathology
It deals with the manipulation, analysis and experimental production of abnormalities, with an end in view of understanding the underlying mechanism in the development of disease.
Experimental Pathology
It deals with the evolution of a group of animals.
Phylogeny
Disease in animals is a complex interplay of three interacting factors: (3)
Animal, agent and environment
The developmental process from the culmination of the disease to its termination.
Pathogenesis
With the disease process in progress, it is the alterations in the normal functions.
Pathophysiology
It is the conclusion derived from the study of the cause and pathogenesis of the disease, with an end in view of differentiating the disease in question from other diseases of similar manifestations.
Diagnosis
Given the diagnosis for a particular disease, it is at most time sufficiently possible to more or less predict the probable outcome of such a disease, and this outcome is called ___________.
Prognosis
It is the study of the cause of disease is required to understand the pathogenesis of a disease
Etiology
As disease processes started and progresses, there are four possible outcomes: (4)
Healing and recovery, death, functional deficit and impasse
It is the study of disease; literally, the study of (-logy) suffering (pathos).
Pathology
It is the study of the functional, biochemical and morphological alterations in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease.
Pathology
It is the study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all diseases.
General Pathology
It is the study of the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to more or less well-defined pathologic stimuli.
Systemic Pathology
It is a branch of pathology directed to the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases by laboratory means. It involves the collection and examination of body fluids and interpretations of laboratory findings.
Clinical Pathology
It is a disorder of structure or function, especially one that produces specific clinical signs.
Disease
It is any deviation from, or interruption of, the normal structure or function of any part, organ or system of the body; which may be clinical (characteristic set of symptoms and signs) or subclinical and whose etiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown.
Disease
It is any indication of disease perceived by the patient and a term therefore not applicable to animals.
Symptom
It is observed abnormalities of structure.
Clinical signs
Four aspects of a disease form the core of pathology: (4)
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Morphologic changes and Clinical significance
It is the cause of disease; genetic vs acquired (e.g., infectious, nutritional, chemical, physical, etc.).
Etiology
It is the mechanisms or sequence of events leading from initiation of cell or tissue injury to disease development.
Pathogenesis
It is the structural alterations (gross or microscopic) in cells or tissues that are often characteristic of the disease.
Morphologic changes
It is the nature of the morphologic changes and their distribution in organs/tissues influence normal function and determine the clinical signs, course and prognosis of the disease.
Clinical significance
It is any structural (or functional) abnormality in an organ, tissue or cell.
Lesion
It is a gross and microscopic changes (to include biochemical) in a cell, tissue, organ and system as a result of a disease.
Lesion
It is a a wound or injury; a pathologic change in the tissues.
Lesion
It is a lesion or sign that is specifically distinctive or characteristic of a disease or pathological condition.
Pathognomonic
It refers to any outside or inside influences in the animal or individual that would cause changes either in physiology and morphology of the cell.
Injury (or injurious agents)
It is anything that upsets the homeostasis of the cell.
Injury (or injurious agents)
It is any stimulus or succession of stimuli of such magnitude that tend to disrupt the homeostasis of the organism.
Stress
It is the maintenance of the steady state in an organism by coordinated physiological processes or feedback mechanisms.
Homeostasis
The process through which such bodily equilibrium is maintained.
Homeostasis
The sequential development of disease.
Pathogenesis
The step-by-step progression of disease from its onset to formation of lesion and clinical manifestation.
Pathogenesis
It refers to the capacity to produce a disease.
Pathogenecity
Refers to the capacity to produce a disease.
Virulence
It is the expected outcome or prediction of probable result of a disease.
Prognosis
It is the postmortem examination of the body to determine the nature of
pathological processes that contribute to death or disease.
Necropsy/Autopsy
It is usually defined as examination of a human body.
Autopsy
It is usually defined as examination of a human body.
Autopsy
It is the examination of any other animal.
Necropsy
It is the removal and examination of tissue from the living body to establish a precise diagnosis.
Biopsy
It is a concise statement or conclusion concerning the nature, cause, or name of a disease.
Diagnosis
It is the act of deciding the nature, cause and course of a disease.
Diagnosis
Types of Diagnosis (5)
Differential Diagnosis, Morphological Diagnosis, Clinical Diagnosis, Etiological Diagnosis and Disease (Definitive) Diagnosis.
A list of diagnosis that could account for the history, clinical signs or lesions in a case.
Differential Diagnosis
It is a diagnosis based on the predominant gross and microscopic lesion(s) in the tissue.
Morphological Diagnosis
It is a diagnosis based on data obtained from the case history, clinical signs and physical examination.
Clinical Diagnosis
It is a diagnosis that names the specific (or general) cause of the disease. (e.g., parvoviral enteritis, parasitic hepatitis)
Etiological Diagnosis
A specific diagnosis that states the “name of the disease”.
Disease (Definitive) Diagnosis
A confirmatory diagnosis resulting o naming of the disease.
Disease (Definitive) Diagnosis
Microscopic study of lesion(s) in a tissue section.
Histopathology
These are commonly used stain for
histopathological examination. (2)
Hematoxylin and Eosin
These are used to specifically demonstrate lesion.
Special stains
Stain for fat vacuoles.
Sudan stain
Stain for glycogen vacuoles.
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
Stain for mast cells
Toluidine blue
They study morphologic manifestations of disease.
Morphologic pathologist
They study the laboratory analysis of disease in living patients.
Clinical pathologist
It deals with animals such as mammalian, avian, zoo & wildlife, lab animal / primate, fish, etc.
Veterinary pathologist
It deals with humans.
Medical pathologist.
Animal models of human disease.
Comparative pathologist
Description should be: (3)
Concise, Grammatically correct and Anatomically accurate.
3 steps useful in Veterinary medicine: (3)
OBSERVE carefully, DESCRIBE completely and DIAGNOSE (DEDUCE OR INTERPRET) confidently.
Components of a Description: (9)
- Tissue
- Number
- Distribution
- Shape
- Color
- Size
- Pattern
- Consistency
- Special features
Pathology provides the basis for understanding: (7)
- The mechanisms of disease
- The classification of diseases
- The diagnosis of diseases
- The basis of treatment
- Monitoring the progress of disease
- Determining prognosis
- Understanding complications
It is the standard classification of disease
SNOMED
SNOMED considers the following aspects:
▪ Topography
▪ Morphology
▪ Etiology
▪ Function
▪ Disease
▪ Procedure
▪ Occupation
