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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2- Introduction Superficial Back > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Introduction Superficial Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal planes?

A

Sagittal, transverse, frontal

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2
Q

The term “rostral” is used for what parts of the body?

A

The nose and facial muscles are used for the term “rostral”.

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3
Q

What does rostral mean?

A

It means towards the head-end of the body.

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4
Q

What does palmar refer to?

A

It refers to the anterior hand (palm)

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5
Q

What does dorsum refer to in the upper half of the body?

A

It refers to the posterior hand

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6
Q

What does plantar refer to?

A

It refers to the inferior foot surface (sole)

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7
Q

What does dorsum refer to in the lower half of the body?

A

It refers to the superior foot surface

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8
Q

What does bilateral mean?

A

It means both sides

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9
Q

What does unilateral mean?

A

It means one side

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10
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

It means the same side

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11
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

It means opposite side

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12
Q

What is opposition in the hand?

A

The pinky and thumb move together

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13
Q

What is reposition in the hand?

A

The pinky and thumb move away from each other

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14
Q

What term is used when the forearm faces up?

A

Supination

Think of holding soup. (Soup)ination!

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15
Q

What term is used when the forearm faces down?

A

Pronation

(You drop the soup because it is too hot!)

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16
Q

What happens in ulnar/medial and radial/lateral abduction in the hand?

A

The middle finger (3rd digit) goes side to side.

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17
Q

Are thumb directions in different planes?

A

Yes, thumb directions are different planes.

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18
Q

Which directions can the thumb move?

A

Abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and circumduction

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19
Q

What happens in foot inversion?

A

The sole of the foot moves inward, toward the midline

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20
Q

What happens in foot eversion?

A

The the sole of the foot moves outward, away from the midline

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21
Q

What is lateral bending also known as?

A

It is also known as lateral flexion and side bending

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22
Q

What does the skeletal system divide into?

A

The axial and appendicular parts are the two divisions of the skeletal system

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23
Q

True or False: The clavicle and pelvis are part of the axial skeleton

A

False

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24
Q

True or False: The ribs and sacrum are part of the appendicular skeleton

A

False

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25
Q

Which germ layer forms the axial skeleton?

A

The mesoderm forms the axial skeleton

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26
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical region?

A

There are 7 vertebrae in the cervical region

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27
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?

A

There are 12 vertebrae in the cervical region

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28
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?

A

There are 5 vertebrae in the lumbar region

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29
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacral region?

A

There are 5 vertebrae in the sacral region

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30
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx region?

A

There are 4 vertebrae in the coccyx region

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31
Q

What causes the spinal curves to form?

A

Activities such as walking and running cause spinal curves to form

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32
Q

What are the primary curves?

A

Sacral and thoracic are these curves

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33
Q

What are the secondary curves?

A

Cervical and lumbar are these curves

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34
Q

From what week on is a developing human called a fetus?

A

9 weeks - birth

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35
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

It is the abnormal sideways curvature of the spine

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36
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

There are 33 vertebrae

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37
Q

How is scoliosis named?

A

It is named after direction of convexity

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38
Q

What are the three types of scoliosis?

A
  • Idiopathic adolescent
  • Neuromuscular = spina bifida, CP , MD (muscular dystrophy)
  • Congenital
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39
Q

What is the structure that connects the vertebra to the rib?

A

Costal facet

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40
Q

In which vertebrae group can you find the costal facet?

A

You can find this in the thoracic vertebrae

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41
Q

Which vertebra is atypical

A

C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are atypical

42
Q

Name an important characteristic of the atlas

A

The atlas has:
-Transverse foramen
-Articular facet for the odontoid process
-NO SPINOUS PROCESS

43
Q

What is the lower section of the cranium that articulates with C1 called?

A

The occiput articulates with C1

44
Q

Name the joint associated with the atlas

A

Atlanto-occipital joint (OA)

45
Q

Name two ligaments associated with the atlas and axis

A

Cruciate ligament (has 3 bands: superior, transverse, inferior) and alar ligament

46
Q

The OA Joint does this motion

A

It is the “yes” joint

47
Q

Name an important characteristic of the axis

A

The axis has:
- the dens

48
Q

Capsules can be found in both of these joints

A

Atlanto-occiptial and atlanto-axial joints

49
Q

The atlantoaxial joint does this motion

A

It is the “no” joint

50
Q

Characteristics of C3-C7

A

-Transverse process
-Uncus of body
-Carotid turbercle

51
Q

What is significant about the thoracic vertebrae structure?

A

The vertebrae has a spinous process that dips down

52
Q

What is significant about the lumbar vertebrae structure?

A

The vertebrae have a big spinous process and body

53
Q

What is the vertebral arch?

A

It is a vertebral structure that consists of the pedicles, attached to the body, and the laminae

54
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

It is the opening between every two vertebrae where the nerve roots exit the spine

55
Q

What structure connects the the bones of the spine?

A

The facet joints are the connections between the bones of the spine

56
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of?

A

They are made of very firm cartilage

57
Q

True or False: There is a disc in between every vertebrae

A

False

58
Q

Which parts of the spine do not have a disc in between the vertebrae?

A

C1, C2, OA joint, coccyx, sacrum

59
Q

What is the gelatinous substance of the disc called?

A

Nucleus pulposus

60
Q

What is the outer denser layer of the disc called?

A

Anulus fibrosus

61
Q

What kind of pain may a patient with a herniated disc have?

A

They may have low back pain and/ or UE/LE pain

62
Q

What can herniated discs produce?

A

Herniated discs can produce muscle weakness and/or sensory changes

63
Q

True or False: Physical therapists can help a patient with disc problems

A

True

64
Q

What do patients with spinal stenosis have?

A

Patients with this condition have a smaller vertebral foramen

65
Q

Why is fracture-pars interarticularis important?

A

It shows that vertebra can break/fracture

66
Q

What does “spondylo” mean?

A

It means “vertebrae”

67
Q

What is the difference between spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?

A

Spondylolysis is just the fracture of the vertebra. Spondylolisthesis occurs when the vertebra fracture separate.

68
Q

Parts of sacrum

A

-Base
-Sacral promontory
-Inferolateral angle
-Sacral canal
-Sacral hiatus

69
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

It is the remnant of the skeleton of the embryonic tail-like caudal eminence

70
Q

Parts of coccyx

A

-Apex of coccyx
-Base of coccyx

71
Q

What kind of joint is the zygapophysial (facet) joint?

A

This joint is a synovial joint

72
Q

True or False: The facet joint has a different orientation for each region of the spine

A

True

73
Q

What is the cervical orientation of the facet joint?

A

It is a 45 degree upward angle

(Think of a ramp)

74
Q

What is the thoracic orientation of the facet joint?

A

Frontal plane

(Think of a making a stop sign with your hand)

75
Q

What is the lumbar orientation of the facet joint?

A

Sagittal plane

(Think of ear muffs)

76
Q

What types of muscles move the upper extremities and respiratory?

A

Extrinsic muscles do this

77
Q

What type of muscles support/move the vertebral column, move the head, and can move the ribs?

A

Intrinsic muscles do this

78
Q

ASK ABOUT SLIDE 46

A
79
Q

Name the back muscles that are part of the superficial group

A

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor + major

80
Q

This muscle is the widest muscle of the back

A

Latissimus dorsi

81
Q

Purposeful activity of the Latissimus dorsi

A

wheelchair mobility, standing from sitting

82
Q

Action of Latissimus dorsi

A

Actions include:
-extend shoulder
-adduct shoulder
-internally (medially) roate shoulder

83
Q

PA of Latissimus dorsi

A

-Inferior angle of scapula, spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inf 3 or 4 ribs

84
Q

DA of Latissimus dorsi

A

-Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

85
Q

N for the Latissimus dorsi

A

C6,C7

86
Q

Purposeful activity of Trapezius

A

Reaching for an object overhead, rowing a kayak or canoe

87
Q

Action of Trapezius

A

Upper fibers: Bilaterally: Extend the head and neck
Unilaterally: Laterally flex the head and neck to the same side
Rotate the head and neck to the opposite side
Elevate the scapula (ST joint)
Upwardly rotate the scapula (ST joint)
Middle fibers: Adduct the scapula (ST joint)
Stabilize the scapula (ST joint)
Lower fibers: Depress the scapula (ST joint)
Upwardly rotate the scapula (ST joint

88
Q

PA of Trapezius

A

External occipital protuberance, medial 1/3rd of superior nuchal line of the occiput, ligamentum nuchae, and SP of C7 to T12

89
Q

DA of Trapezius

A

Lateral 1/3rd of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

90
Q

Nerve for Trapezius

A

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and ventral ramus C3 and C4 (pain and proprioceptive fibers)

91
Q

Purposeful activity of Levator Scapulae

A

Shrugging the shoulders (nonverbal communication) or
carrying a briefcase

92
Q

Action of Levator Scapulae

A

-elevate scapulae
-downwardly rotate scapula

93
Q

PA of Levator Scapulae

A

Posterior tubercles of TP of C1 to C4

94
Q

DA of Levator Scapulae

A

Medial border of scapula between superior angle and root of spine of scapula

95
Q

N for Levator Scapulae

A

Cervical C3 and C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)

96
Q

Purposeful activity for Rhomboid Major and Minor

A

Reaching into a back pocket

97
Q

Action of Rhomboid Major and Minor

A

-Adduct/retract the scapula
-Downwardly rotate the scapula
-Fix scapula to thoracic wall

98
Q

PA of Rhomboid Major and Minor

A

Major: SP of T2 to T5
Minor: Nuchal ligament; SP of C7 to T1

99
Q

DA of Rhomboid Major and Minor

A

Major: medial border of the scapula between the spine of the scapula and inferior angle
Minor: medial border of the scapular spine

100
Q

N of Rhomboid Major and Minor

A

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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