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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 1- Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of embryos and their development?

A

Embryology

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2
Q

How do you express embryonic and fetal ages?

A

In terms of weeks from fertilization

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3
Q

What is the period of time required for full development of a fetus in utero?

A

Gestation

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4
Q

How many weeks is the pre-embryonic stage?

A

First two weeks

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5
Q

How many weeks is an embryo?

A

3-8 weeks

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6
Q

How many weeks is a fetus?

A

9 weeks-birth

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7
Q

How are the pre-embryonic and embryonic stages characterized?

A

Cell division, migration, and differentiation

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8
Q

When are all the organ systems structured?

A

Week 9

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9
Q

What is the main focus of weeks 1-3 for embryonic development?

A

Cellular division, differentiation, gastrulation

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10
Q

Etymology of gastrulation

A

Greek: “a belly”

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11
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

It is when the blastula forms into a gastrula

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12
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

Week 3 of embryonic development

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13
Q

What are the specialized cells for embryonic development?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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14
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A
  • 2 cell layers –> 3 germ cell layers
  • bodily axes in mature adult are created
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15
Q

What does gastrulation involve?

A

Migration, invagination, and differentiation of epiblast

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16
Q

What is the primitive streak and what does it do?

A

It is a groove in the midline of the epiblast. The P.S. controls and orchestrates gastrulation.

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17
Q

How are three new layers formed?

A

Cells of the epiblast layer break off and migrate toward the primitive streak. They detach and penetrate through the epiblast layer.

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18
Q

Name the three embryonic cell layers

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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19
Q

What structures are derived from the endoderm?

A
  • epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts
  • lining of urethra, bladder, and reproductive system
  • liver and pancreas
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20
Q

What structures are derived from the mesoderm?

A
  • notochord
  • musculoskeletal system
  • muscular layer of stomach, intestine, etc.
  • circulatory system
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21
Q

What structures are derived from the ectoderm?

A
  • epidermis of skin
  • cornea and lens of eye
  • nervous system
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22
Q

What is the difference between myotome and dermatome?

A

Myotome- group of muscles innervated by the nerves of a single spinal root
Dermatome- area of skin innervated by the nerves from a single spinal root

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23
Q

When do dermatomes originate?

A

3rd week of embryogenesis

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24
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the body?

A

31

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25
Q

Where do the 44 pairs of somites differentiate from?

A

Mesoderm

26
Q

What are the portions of a somite?

A

Ventral and dorsal portions

27
Q

What does the ventral portion of a somite consist of?

A

The precursor to the ribs and vertebrae (sclerotome)

28
Q

What is the function of the dorsal part of the somite?

A

It proliferates to form the dermis.

29
Q

What happens to the skin as limbs grow?

A

The dermis is stretched and moved down to the limb, creating segmental innervation.

30
Q

Does the lower limb bud develops first?

A

No. The upper limb bud develops first.

31
Q

What is the upper limb bud made of?

A

The upper limb bud consists of undifferentiated mesenchyme tipped with a layer of ectoderm, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER).

32
Q

How are limbs bent at first? Why?

A

The limbs bend anteriorly so the elbow and knee are directed laterally, causing the palm and sole to be directed medially.

33
Q

Why do the proximal parts of the upper and lower limbs twist?

A

They twist in opposite directions so the elbow is directed caudally and the knee cranially.

34
Q

Why is the torsion of the lower proximal limb accompanied by a permanent pronation of the leg?

A

The foot becomes oriented with the great toe on the medial side.

35
Q

What role does the Zone of Polarising Activity (ZPA) play in development?

A

It maintains the AER.

36
Q

What is the function of the Zone of Polarising Activity (ZPA)?

A

It ensures asymmetry in the limbs.

37
Q

What role does the AER play in development?

A

It marks the boundary between the dorsal and ventral limb ectoderm.

38
Q

What role does mesenchyme have in the formation of digits?

A

This substance condenses into plates forming cartilaginous models of the future digital bones.

39
Q

What are common developmental digit anomalies?

A
  • syndactyly
  • polydactyly
  • macrodactyly
  • adactyly
  • ectrodactyly
40
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

Fusion of 2+ digits (can be isolated finding or part of a syndrome)

41
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Extra digits (typically occurs bilaterally)

42
Q

What is macrodactyly?

A

Enlarged digits

43
Q

What is adactyly?

A

Absence of digits

44
Q

What is ectrodactyly?

A

“Lobster-claw deformity” (typically missing middle digit, typically occurs unilaterally)

45
Q

What are common developmental limb anomalies?

A
  • amelia
  • meromelia
  • phocomelia
  • radial longitudinal deficiency
46
Q

What is amelia?

A

complete absence of one or more extremities

47
Q

What is meromelia?

A

partial absence of one or more extremities

48
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

shortened lower extremities

49
Q

What process occurs after gastrulation?

A

Neurulation

50
Q

What occurs during neurulation?

A

Rudiments of the CNS develop from the ectoderm (neuroectodermal tissues –> neural plate –> neural tube)

51
Q

When is neurulation?

A

4th week

52
Q

Why is folate important?

A

It is one of the B vitamins that assists in healthy development of the neural tube and prevents neural tube defects

53
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

A disorder in which the two sides of the vertebral arches fail to fuse during development, resulting in an “open” vertebral canal

54
Q

How many types of spina bifida are there?

A

Two

55
Q

What are the spina bifida types?

A

Spina bifida occulta and other severe forms of the disorder

56
Q

When does spina bifida occulta occur?

A

There is a defect in the vertebral arch of L5 or S1. This defect occurs in as many as 10% of individuals. The patient is asymptomatic with a tuft of hair. It’s mainly a small hidden bump.

57
Q

When do severe forms of spina bifida occur?

A

The defect allows a large outpouching of the meninges. This may contain just cerebrospinal fluid (meningocele) or a portion of the spinal cord (myelomeningocele).

58
Q

How does spina bifida affect a patient?

A

The patient has neurological deficits, including problems with ambulation and B&B.

59
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

It is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. It is a fetal neural tube defect.

60
Q

How does anencephaly occur?

A

The neural tube fails to close at the base of the skull

61
Q

How long do patients with anencephaly live?

A

Patients who have this disorder have a short lifespan.

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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