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Biomedical Anatomy > Lecture 2 Integument & Glands > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Integument & Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands and what is their function?

A
  • Down growth of epithelium that can be multicellular or unicellular
  • specialized to produce and secrete substances that work on specific organs or tissues in the body
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2
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A
  • Glands that secrete product directly onto a surface or into a duct
  • classified by shape, product, and mechanism of secretion
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3
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

secrete product into connective tissue or bloodstream

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4
Q

What are the types of products of exocrine glands?

A

Serous
- proteinaceous, watery, usually stains darkly

Mucous
-viscous, water-heavy, usually stains light

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5
Q

What are the mechanisms of secretion?

A

Merocrine (eccrine)
- vesicles of product released from cell

Apocrine
-vesicles coated in lipid membrane before release

Holocrine
-product builds in cytoplasm, cell dies and releases product and cellular debris

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6
Q

How are exocrine classified?

A

(Simple or compound duct) + (shape of secretory protein) + (serous or mucous product)

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7
Q

What are the different types of simple exocrine glands?

A
  • Simple Tubular
  • Simple Coiled Tubular
  • Simple Acinar
  • Simple Branched Acinar
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8
Q

What are the different types of compound exocrine glands?

A
  • Compound Acinar
  • Compound Tubular
  • Compound Tubuloacinar
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9
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection

 - Trauma- heals quickly 
 - Infection- physical and chemical barrier 
 - Dehydration/ overhydration- prevents excess loss or absorption of water

Sensation
-several types of nerve endings react to temperature, pressure, vibrations, texture, and injury

Thermoregulation
-monitors the temperature of the body surface, and reacts to maintain appropriate response

Vitamin D
-initiates the synthesis of vitamin D

Communication

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10
Q

What are the general layers of the Integument and what are they made of ?

A

Epidermis
-stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Dermis

 - dense irregular CT
- blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles

Hypodermis
-adipose tissue

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11
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A 
Stratum corneum 
     -stratum lucidem
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum Basale
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12
Q

What are characteristics of thick skin?

A
  • They are found at the palms of hands and soles of feet
  • eccrine sweat glands
  • have a thicker stratum corneum
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13
Q

What are characteristics of thin skin?

A

everywhere except palms and soles

  • has hair
  • has sebaceous glands
  • has eccrine sweat glands
  • has thinner stratum corneum
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14
Q

What cells are found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cell

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15
Q

What is the predominant cell type in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes and they synthesize keratin

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16
Q

What cells secretes melanin?

A

melanocytes

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17
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

part of the immune system

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18
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Sensory cells

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19
Q

What does eumelanin stain under a microscope?

A

brownish black

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20
Q

What does Phomelanin stain?

A

reddish yellow

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21
Q

What are color and intensity of pigmentation dependent on?

A

Dependent on type and distribution of melanin

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22
Q

What does blue skin color indicate?

A
  • cyanosis

- lack of oxygen

23
Q

What does red skin color indicate?

A

Erythema

-increased blood flow

24
Q

What does pale/ashen skin indicate?

A

reduced blood flow

25
Q

What does white skin color indicate?

A
  • albinism

- genetic lack of melanin

26
Q

What does yellow skin indicate?

A

Jaundice

- liver malfunction or excess bilirubin

27
Q

What does black/green/blue skin color indicate?

A
  • bruise

- broken blood vessel

28
Q

What layers make up the papillary layer?

A
  • Loose CT
  • Blood vessels
  • nerves
  • immune cells
29
Q

What makes up the reticular layer?

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • nerves
  • blood vessels
  • glands
30
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

Located below dermis

  • adipose tissue
    - energy storage
    - thermal insulation

sometimes contains nerves, glands, other accessory structures

31
Q

What are different skin markings and their characteristics?

A

Fingerprints
- ridges that increase sensitivity and ability to grasp things

Flexion lines-creases that occur near joints

Freckles- flat, melanized patches

Moles- raised melanized patches

Birthmarks (hemangiomas)- discolored skin in varying sizes and shapes

32
Q

What are nerves specialized in as an accessory structure?

A

specialized sensory nervous tissue

33
Q

What do glands specialize in?

A

specialized to help maintain body temperature, prevent dehydration, protect skin

34
Q

What does hair specialize in?

A

specialized structures to maintain heat, protect from the sun
- not so much in human

35
Q

What do nails specialize in?

A

specialized stratum corneum to protect ends of fingers and toes?

36
Q

What are the specialized sensory structures?

A

Pacinian corpuscle and Meissner’s corpuscle

37
Q

What glands are found in the integument?

A

eccrine, sebaceous and apocrine

38
Q

what are characteristics of sebacceous glands?

A

attached to hair follicles
oily product
holocrine glands

39
Q

What are characteristics of eccrine sweat glands?

A
  • Merocrine secretion
  • watery, serous product
  • simple, coiled tubular gland
40
Q

What are characteristics of apocrine glands?

A
  • found in groin and axilla
  • wide lumen, simple cuboidal epithelium
  • lipid heavy product
41
Q

What are characteristics of hair?

A

grows on thin skin

-filamentous tube of keratinized cells

42
Q

What are the three types of hair?

A

Downy
- unpigmented hair of fetus

Vellus
-fine, unpigmented hair of children and adults

Terminal
-Coarse, pigmented hair of the scalp, eyebrows, axilla pubic, facial hair

43
Q

What is the structure of hair?

A
  • Follicle
  • hair shaft
  • root bulb
  • associated glands
    • sebaceous glands
  • Piloerector muscle
44
Q

What happens in the anagen stage of hair growth?

A

-early stage and mature stage
- growing phase, 6-8 years
stem cells multiply and follicle grows deeper into dermis
- hair matrix multiplies and keratinize, causing hair to grow upward; old club hair may persist temporarily alongside newly growing hair

45
Q

What happens in the catagen stage of hair loss?

A

-hair growth ceases; hair bulb keratinizes and forms club hair, lower follicle degenerates

46
Q

What happens in the telogen phase?

A

resting phase

- dermal papilla has ascended to the level of the bulge. club hair falls out, usually in telogen or next anagen

47
Q

What are characteristics of nails?

A

derived from stratum corneum

  • hardened, parallel rows of keratin
  • protection of fingertips
  • tools to aid manual manipulation
  • increases the sensitivity of the fingertip
48
Q

What are disorders of the integumentary System?

A 
Acne 
Dermatitis
Eczema
Psoriasis
Ringworm 
Rosacea
Warts
49
Q

What is Psoriasis?

A

Chronic, lifelong skin disease
common in adults
hereditary and auto-immune
characterized by thick, Silvery Scales

50
Q

What is Eczema?

A

Condition is transient (come & goes)
Common in Infants & Children
Environmental Factors Aggravate It
Characterized by Red, Inflamed Skin

51
Q

What are characteristics of Skin Cancer?

A
  • induced by UV rays (both natural and tanning beds)
  • elderly and fair skinned most common
  • 3 types
    - Basal cell carcinoma
    - Squamous cell carcinoma
    - Malignant melanoma
52
Q

What are characteristics of Burn?

A 
Leading cause of accidental death 
-death primarily 
     - fluid loss
     -infection 
     toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue)
53
Q

What are the various depth of burnt skin?

A

First degree - epidermis only
Second degree- epidermis and dermis
Third-degree- epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

Biomedical Anatomy (7 decks)

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