[EXAM 2] CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What cells make up nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Glia

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2
Q

What are neurons?

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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3
Q

What are glia cells?

A

non-conducting support cells in contact with neurons

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4
Q

What systems make up the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral system

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5
Q

What is composed in the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What divisions make up the the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory Division–> Visceral Sensory Division/ Somatic sensory division

Motor Division–> Visceral Motor Division–> Sympathetic Division & Parasympathetic division & Enteric Division
–> Somatic Motor Division

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7
Q

What makes up a neuron?

A
Cell Body (soma, perikaryon)
Nissl bodies
Dendrites
Axon Hillock 
Axon
Myelin Sheath
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8
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

many dendrites ,one axon

  • from CNS to periphery (signal such as muscle to contract)
  • integrative-neuron to neuron in CNS, ganglia, or special sense organs
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9
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

one dendrite, one axon
-special sense organs- often the cells that translate something physical or mechanical into electrical impulse to be sent to the brain

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10
Q

What is a unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron?

A

no dendrites, one axon

-Sensory- often found in ganglia ,carries signal from periphery to CNS

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11
Q

What is a anaxonic neuron?

A

many dendrites, no axon

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12
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

function: conduct impulses from CNS or ganglia to effector cells (muscles or glands)
Somatic efferent neurons: send voluntary impulses to skeletal muscle
Visceral efferent neurons- send involuntary impulses to smooth muscle Purkinje fibers and glands

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13
Q

What are interneurons?

A

form a network between sensory and motor neurons

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14
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Function: conduct impulses from the receptors or sense organs to the CNS

Somatic afferent fibers- convey sensations of pain, temperature, touch and pressure from the body surface, as well as pain and proprioception from organs within the body

Visceral afferent fibers- transmit pain impulses and other sensations from internal organs, mucous membranes, glands and blood vessels

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15
Q

What cells are myelinated?

A

Oligodendrocytes-CNS

Schwann Cell- PNS

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16
Q

What part of the nerve fiber do signals use to “skip” along the nerve fiber?

A

Node of Ranvier

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17
Q

Are Schwann cells myelinated?

A

Yes and they have extended cytoplasm

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18
Q

What are the two main demyelinated diseases talked about in lecture 1?

A
Multiple Sclerosis (Oligodendrocytes are having their myelin attacked by immune system)
Guillain-Barre syndrome (Schwann cells are having their myelin attacked by immune system)
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19
Q

What is the order from smallest to largest of peripheral nervous tissue/connective tissue covering?

A

axon+myelin —> nerve fiber —> endonerium –> nerve fascicle –>perineurium–> epinerium –> nerve

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20
Q

Describe the difference between a chemical synapse and electrical synapse

A

differ morphologically and by mechanism

Chemical synapse

  • Vesicles contain neurotransmitters stored in the axon terminal
  • released when electrical impulse reaches the axon terminal
  • bind to receptors on effector cell
  • has a neural junction

Electrical synapse
-use gap junction channel and coupling potentials

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21
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

a group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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22
Q

What is a tract?

A

a group of nerve fibers traveling in parallel

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23
Q

What is a nerve fiber?

A

axon, or axon +myelin sheath

24
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Area of gray matter where neuron cell bodies are located

25
Q

What is white matter?

A

area of the CNS with no neuron cell bodies

26
Q

What is the Soma or perikaryon?

A

neuron cell body (conducting)

27
Q

What are glial cells?

A

support cells, nonconducting

28
Q

What does a myelin stain show?

A

myelinated axons

29
Q

What does a silver stain show?

A

shows nerve fibers and cell bodies

30
Q

What is the Golgi method?

A

shows the cell body, axons and dendrites in their entirety

31
Q

What do Nissl stains show?

A

shows Nissl substance (show ribosomes and rough ER)

-axon hillocks appear best in Nissl or toluidine blue

32
Q

What are the four main anatomical sections of the CNS?

A

Meninges- connective tissue cover of the brain and spinal cord
Brain- anatomy of the brain + main cranial nerves
Spinal cord- main nerves that transmit sensory to the brain and motor to the periphery
Blood supply- main vessels that feed the brain and spinal cord

33
Q

Describe the layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater- tough, outer layer; dense irregular connective tissue

Arachnoid matter- transparent, middle layer; thin, delicate CT lined with simple squamous epithelium
- subarachnoid space- filled with CSF

Pia mater- delicate, inner layer; the thin layer of CT lined with simple squamous epithelium

34
Q

What are the regions of the spinal cord?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

35
Q

What are the enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical-nerves feed upper limb

Lumbosacral-nerves that feed lower limbs

36
Q

What is the medullary cone?

A

cone shape terminal portion of the spinal cord found between the L1 and L2

serves to stabilize the spinal cord by connecting the conus to the coccyx via the coccygeal ligament

37
Q

What is the Cauda equine?

A

bundle of nerves at the lower end of the spine

38
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Conduction
- sensory information ascends
- motor commands descend
Neural integration
- processing of information from diverse sources
Locomotion
-central pattern generators coordinate simple repetitive movements
Reflexes
-involuntary stereotyped responses to stimuli

39
Q

What is the spinal tract?

A
in the spinal cord
   Ascending 
        -carries sensory information to the brain
   Descending 
          -carries motor information from the brain. 
   Contralateral
          -crosses the midline 
    Ipsilateral 
           -does not cross the midline
40
Q

What are the regions of the brain?

A
Cerebrum
    -Cerebral cortex
    -Basal ganglia
    -limbic system
Brain Stem
    -midbrain 
    - pons 
    -medulla 
Diencephalon 
     - Thalamus 
     -Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
41
Q

What components make up the cerebrum?

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system

42
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

43
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

44
Q

What are the major landmarks for the cerebrum?

A
  • Two cerebal hemispheres
  • Gyri-folds
  • Sulci- grooves
  • longitudinal cerebral fissure-big sulcus between hemispheres
45
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

balance and control fine motor movement
muscle tone
coordination
maintenance of normal posture

46
Q

What are the layers of the cortex in the cerebellum?

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granular layer

47
Q

What lobes make up the cerebrum?

A
Frontal 
Pariental 
Occipital 
Temporal 
Insula
48
Q

What are functions of the cerebrum?

A
control voluntary motor activity 
receive and store sensory information 
sensory processing 
learning and memory 
language and communication 
integration and coordination of other nerve activity
49
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • plexiform layer
  • external granular layer
    • may contain pyramidal cells
  • medium pyramidal cell layer
  • internal granular layer
  • large pyramidal layer
  • polymorphic layer
50
Q

What makes up the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
-relay and integration
-relay nuclei: motor and sensory information
- association nuclei: connect to the limbic system (awareness, emotion, memory)
Midline nuclei: stress, fear, reward

Hypothalamus-connects the nervous and endocrine system
- connects to the limbic system, brainstem, regulates emotions, autonomic control, thermoregulation

Epithalamus
-dorsal region of the diencephalon containing mainly the pineal gland

51
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

  • cranial nerves III & IV
    function: motor control, pain, visual attention, and auditory attention

Pons: cranial nerves V-VII, some of VIII
function: facial sensation and expression, control of chewing, respiration, and sleep

Medulla oblongata: cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and some of VIII
function-respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

52
Q

Where cerebral spinal fluid held?

A
Lateral ventricles
     - Interventricular foramen 
     -choroid plexus 
Third Ventricle 
     - cerebral aqueduct
     -choroid plexus 
Fourth Ventricle
      -choroid plexus 
Central Canal
53
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

Choroid plexus

54
Q

What glial cells make up the CNS?

A

Astrocytes-
Structure: large cells with processes that form networks
Function: provide physical and metabolic support

Oligodendrocytes
Structure: small cells
Function: synthesize and maintain myelin

Microglia
Structure: small cells with small dark elongated nuclei
Function: phagocytic

Ependymal cells
Structure: columnar cells
Function: move fluid, synthesize CSF in brain ventricles

55
Q

What are the blood-brain barrier components and its function?

A

endothelial cells
basal lamina
end foot processes of astrocytes

function: protect CNS by restricting the passage of molecules