Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is Gross Anatomy?
Study of large structures (macroscopic)
What is Surface Anatomy?
Study of external features of the body
What is radiological anatomy?
study of anatomy using X-Rays, CT scans, etc.
What is systemic anatomy?
Studying organ systems
What is regional anatomy?
all organs in a specific part of the body
What is histopathology?
microscopic analysis of diseased tissue
What is cytology?
structure and function of individual cells
What are the levels of the human structure (largest to smallest?
Organism Organ systems organs tissues cells (smallest living unit) organelles molecules atoms
What organ systems are we focusing on in this unti of the exam 1?
Integumentary (skin)
skeletal (bone)
muscular (muscle)
Describe the anatomical position?
- ) Standing erect with feet flat
- ) arms at side and supinated hands (palms up)
- ) Palms, face, and eyes facing forward
- ) constant reference of body. position
Describe the sagittal anatomical position?
-right/left portion
- ) median sagittal - equal halves
- ) parasagittal- unequal portions
What is the frontal anatomical plane?
also known as coronal plane; divides the body into anterior/posterior postions
What is transverse anatomical position?
divides the body into superior/inferior portions
What does anterior mean?
toward the front of the body
What does posterior mean?
Toward the back of the body
What does ventral mean?
toward the anterior side
what does dorsal mean?
toward the back of the body
What does superior mean?
above
What does inferior mean?
below
What does cephalic mean?
toward the head or superior end
What does rostral mean?
toward the forehead or nose
What is caudal?
toward the tail or inferior end
What does medial mean?
Toward the midline of the body
What does lateral mean?
away from the midline
What is proximal?
closer to the point of attachment or origin
What is distal?
Farther from the point of attachment or origin
What is ipsilateral?
on the same side of the body (right or left)
What is contralateral?
On the opposite side of the body (right of left)
What does superficial mean?
closer to the body surface
What does deep mean?
farther from the body surface
What are the parts of the cephalic region (anterior)?
Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eyes) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Mental (chin)
What is the cervical region?
neck
What are parts of the thoracic region?
Axillary (armpit)
Mammary (chest/nipple)
Sternal (sternum)
What is apart of the abdominal region?
umbilical
What is apart of the pelvic region?
inguinal (groin)
What is in the pubic region?
genital
What parts are in the upper limb (Anterior)?
Deltoid brachial Antecubital Antebrachial carpal (Wrist)
Manus (hand)
palmer
pollex (Thumb)
digital
What are parts of the lower limb (Anterior)?
Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot) tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux (big toe)
What are parts of the posterior upper limb?
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranl
antebrachial (forearm)
Manus(hand)
metacarpal (top of hand)
digital
What are parts of the posterior lower limb?
Femoral (thigh)
popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal(foot)
Calcaneal
plantar
What is part of the posterior cephalic region?
otic
occipital (back of the head)
Cervical (neck)
What is part of the back region?
scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
What does the cranial cavity consist of?
the brain and lined by meninges
What is enclosed in the vertebral canal?
spinal cord and lined by meninges
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
Location: Superior to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
Pericardium
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
Location: Superior to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
Pericardium
-pericardial cavity
-pericardial fluid
pleuraDescribe the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity
-superior portion
- contains most of the digestive organs
-spleen, kidneys, and ureters
Pelvic Cavity
-inferior portion
- distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
What is the basal surface?
the bottom
What is the apical surface
the free surface
What is the lateral surface?
Next to
What is the size of a micrometer?
10^-6
What are microvilli?
- plasma membrane extensions
- increases the surface area
- brush border
What are cilia?
primary cilium
motile cilia
axoneme- microtubules
dynein-motor protein
What are flagella?
Long axoneme
propels sperm cell
Describe epithilial tissue
one or more layers closely adhered cells form surface avascular basement membrane basal and apical surfaces
Describe simple squamous epithelia
single layer of flat cells
easy passage of material
- air
-waste
locations
- lungs
- blood vessels
Describe Simple Cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cube shaped cells (round nuclei)
secretion and absorption (mucus production)
location:
kidney tubules
glands
Describe simple columnar epithelium.
single layer of tall cells (oval nuclei)
absorption/secretion
-microvilli
- mucus
-digestive tract
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells with various height
-secretion of mucus
-ciliated
Located : upper respiratory tract (trachea)
Describe stratified squamous epithelium
several layers; surface cells are flat
-basal cells cuboid
-protection from abrasion
epidermis and mouth
What are cells of fibrous connective tissue?
Fibroblasts (produce fibers and ground substance)
Macrophages (eat bacteria and debris)
Leukocytes white blood cells (such as neutrophils and lymphocytes) that help in body defense)
plasma cells- produce antibodies
mast cells- secrete heparin and histamine
adipocytes-fat cells
What are the fibers of fibrous connective tissue?
Collagenous- tough and flexible (white fibers of tendons and ligaments)
Reticular-thin collagen fibers (framework of spleen and lymph nodes)
Elastic- stretch and recoil (elastin protein is abundant in lungs)
What is areolar?
loose connective tissue that is abundant, binds epithelial to deeper tissue
What is reticular tissue?
loose connective tissue that supports lymphatic organs
What is dense regular connective tissue ?
Highly organized fibers
Mainly fibroblasts
tendons and ligaments
elastic tissue
What is dense irregular connective tissue?
random arrangment of fibers
resists stress
most of dermis
protective capsules
What is adipose tissue?
stores energy, protection
What are examples of cartilage?
Chondroblasts- cells that secrete cartilage matrix
lacunae-small cavity surrounding matrix
chondrocytes- cartilage cells in lacunae
subtypes: Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
What is Hyaline?
- Collagen matrix
- Lacuna (contains chondrocytes
- supports and reinforces
- all articular cartilage
- contact bone
Elastic cartilage
contains elastic fibers
location: ear, epiglottis
What is fibrocartilage?
shock absorption
Location: Intervertebral discs, knee meniscus
What is bone made out of?
-osseous tissue
calcified matrix
1.) spiongy bone
2.) compact bone
-central canal
-lamellae
-osteon
-osteocytes
- canliculi
-periosteumWhat is blood made out of?
-plasma formed elements - erythrocytes (red blood cells) - leukocytes (white blood cells, neutrophils) -platelets
What makes up nervous tissue?
Neuroglia (glial) cells
- support the neurons
Neurons
- transmit information
- parts of the cell
- neurosoma
- dendrite
- axon
What are the different types of muscular tissue? and what are they made of?
Skeletal -muscle fibers -striations -voluntary muscles attached to bone
Cardiac
- cardiomyocytes
- striations
- intercalated discs
- involuntary
- muscles of the heart
Smooth -fusiform myocytes -non-striated -involuntary found of walls of hollow organs
