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Biomedical Anatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gross Anatomy?

A

Study of large structures (macroscopic)

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2
Q

What is Surface Anatomy?

A

Study of external features of the body

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3
Q

What is radiological anatomy?

A

study of anatomy using X-Rays, CT scans, etc.

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4
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

Studying organ systems

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5
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

all organs in a specific part of the body

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6
Q

What is histopathology?

A

microscopic analysis of diseased tissue

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7
Q

What is cytology?

A

structure and function of individual cells

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8
Q

What are the levels of the human structure (largest to smallest?

A 
Organism
Organ systems 
organs 
tissues
cells (smallest living unit)
organelles
molecules
atoms
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9
Q

What organ systems are we focusing on in this unti of the exam 1?

A

Integumentary (skin)
skeletal (bone)
muscular (muscle)

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10
Q

Describe the anatomical position?

A
  1. ) Standing erect with feet flat
  2. ) arms at side and supinated hands (palms up)
  3. ) Palms, face, and eyes facing forward
  4. ) constant reference of body. position
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11
Q

Describe the sagittal anatomical position?

A

-right/left portion

  1. ) median sagittal - equal halves
  2. ) parasagittal- unequal portions
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12
Q

What is the frontal anatomical plane?

A

also known as coronal plane; divides the body into anterior/posterior postions

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13
Q

What is transverse anatomical position?

A

divides the body into superior/inferior portions

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14
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

toward the front of the body

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15
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Toward the back of the body

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16
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

toward the anterior side

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17
Q

what does dorsal mean?

A

toward the back of the body

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18
Q

What does superior mean?

A

above

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19
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

below

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20
Q

What does cephalic mean?

A

toward the head or superior end

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21
Q

What does rostral mean?

A

toward the forehead or nose

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22
Q

What is caudal?

A

toward the tail or inferior end

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23
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Toward the midline of the body

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24
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

away from the midline

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25
Q

What is proximal?

A

closer to the point of attachment or origin

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26
Q

What is distal?

A

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

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27
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

on the same side of the body (right or left)

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28
Q

What is contralateral?

A

On the opposite side of the body (right of left)

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29
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

closer to the body surface

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30
Q

What does deep mean?

A

farther from the body surface

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31
Q

What are the parts of the cephalic region (anterior)?

A 
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eyes)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Mental (chin)
32
Q

What is the cervical region?

A

neck

33
Q

What are parts of the thoracic region?

A

Axillary (armpit)
Mammary (chest/nipple)
Sternal (sternum)

34
Q

What is apart of the abdominal region?

A

umbilical

35
Q

What is apart of the pelvic region?

A

inguinal (groin)

36
Q

What is in the pubic region?

A

genital

37
Q

What parts are in the upper limb (Anterior)?

A 
Deltoid 
brachial 
Antecubital 
Antebrachial 
carpal (Wrist)

Manus (hand)
palmer
pollex (Thumb)
digital

38
Q

What are parts of the lower limb (Anterior)?

A 
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh) 
Patellar 
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal 
Pedal (foot) 
tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal 
Digital 
Hallux (big toe)
39
Q

What are parts of the posterior upper limb?

A

Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranl
antebrachial (forearm)

Manus(hand)
metacarpal (top of hand)
digital

40
Q

What are parts of the posterior lower limb?

A

Femoral (thigh)
popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal

Pedal(foot)
Calcaneal
plantar

41
Q

What is part of the posterior cephalic region?

A

otic
occipital (back of the head)
Cervical (neck)

42
Q

What is part of the back region?

A 
scapular
Vertebral 
Lumbar 
Sacral 
Gluteal 
Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
43
Q

What does the cranial cavity consist of?

A

the brain and lined by meninges

44
Q

What is enclosed in the vertebral canal?

A

spinal cord and lined by meninges

45
Q

What makes up the thoracic cavity?

A

Location: Superior to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
Pericardium

45
Q

What makes up the thoracic cavity?

A 
Location: Superior to the diaphragm
Mediastinum 
Pericardium
        -pericardial cavity
        -pericardial fluid
pleura
46
Q

Describe the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

abdominal cavity
-superior portion
- contains most of the digestive organs
-spleen, kidneys, and ureters
Pelvic Cavity
-inferior portion
- distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs

47
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

the bottom

48
Q

What is the apical surface

A

the free surface

49
Q

What is the lateral surface?

A

Next to

50
Q

What is the size of a micrometer?

A

10^-6

51
Q

What are microvilli?

A
  • plasma membrane extensions
  • increases the surface area
  • brush border
52
Q

What are cilia?

A

primary cilium
motile cilia
axoneme- microtubules
dynein-motor protein

53
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long axoneme

propels sperm cell

54
Q

Describe epithilial tissue

A 
one or more layers
closely adhered cells 
form surface
avascular 
basement membrane basal and apical surfaces
55
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelia

A

single layer of flat cells
easy passage of material
- air
-waste

locations

  • lungs
  • blood vessels
56
Q

Describe Simple Cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube shaped cells (round nuclei)
secretion and absorption (mucus production)

location:
kidney tubules
glands

57
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium.

A

single layer of tall cells (oval nuclei)
absorption/secretion
-microvilli
- mucus

-digestive tract

58
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells with various height
-secretion of mucus
-ciliated
Located : upper respiratory tract (trachea)

59
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

several layers; surface cells are flat
-basal cells cuboid
-protection from abrasion
epidermis and mouth

60
Q

What are cells of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts (produce fibers and ground substance)
Macrophages (eat bacteria and debris)
Leukocytes white blood cells (such as neutrophils and lymphocytes) that help in body defense)
plasma cells- produce antibodies
mast cells- secrete heparin and histamine
adipocytes-fat cells

61
Q

What are the fibers of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Collagenous- tough and flexible (white fibers of tendons and ligaments)
Reticular-thin collagen fibers (framework of spleen and lymph nodes)
Elastic- stretch and recoil (elastin protein is abundant in lungs)

62
Q

What is areolar?

A

loose connective tissue that is abundant, binds epithelial to deeper tissue

63
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A

loose connective tissue that supports lymphatic organs

64
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue ?

A

Highly organized fibers
Mainly fibroblasts
tendons and ligaments
elastic tissue

65
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue?

A

random arrangment of fibers
resists stress
most of dermis
protective capsules

66
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

stores energy, protection

67
Q

What are examples of cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts- cells that secrete cartilage matrix
lacunae-small cavity surrounding matrix
chondrocytes- cartilage cells in lacunae

subtypes: Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

68
Q

What is Hyaline?

A
  • Collagen matrix
  • Lacuna (contains chondrocytes
  • supports and reinforces
  • all articular cartilage
  • contact bone
69
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

contains elastic fibers

location: ear, epiglottis

70
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

shock absorption

Location: Intervertebral discs, knee meniscus

71
Q

What is bone made out of?

A 
-osseous tissue
calcified matrix 
1.) spiongy bone
2.) compact bone
       -central canal
       -lamellae 
       -osteon 
       -osteocytes 
       - canliculi 
       -periosteum
72
Q

What is blood made out of?

A 
-plasma 
formed elements
 - erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- leukocytes (white blood cells, neutrophils)
-platelets
73
Q

What makes up nervous tissue?

A

Neuroglia (glial) cells
- support the neurons

Neurons

  • transmit information
  • parts of the cell
    • neurosoma
    • dendrite
    • axon
74
Q

What are the different types of muscular tissue? and what are they made of?

A 
Skeletal 
-muscle fibers
-striations
-voluntary
muscles attached to bone

Cardiac

  • cardiomyocytes
  • striations
  • intercalated discs
  • involuntary
  • muscles of the heart
Smooth 
-fusiform myocytes
-non-striated 
-involuntary 
found of walls of hollow organs

Biomedical Anatomy (7 decks)

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