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Immunology > Lecture 2 - Innate vs Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Innate vs Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Before the induction of the immune response occurs, what must be reached?

A

Threshold level of antigen must be activated by the infecting microorganism

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2
Q

What is the difference between the following situations:

  1. No innate immunity
  2. No adaptive immunity
  3. Normal immunity
A
  1. No innate = infection will never initiate an adaptive response
    - microorganism replicates until completely infects the host
  2. No adaptive
    - increase in level of microorganism but eventually plateaus
    & microorganism will be cleared
  3. Normal immunity includes:
  4. Establishment of infection
  5. Induction of adaptive response
  6. Adaptive Immune response
  7. Immunological memory once the pathogen is cleared
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3
Q

What is a crucial aspect of adaptive immunity?

A

INNATE immunity!

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4
Q

The following describes innate or adaptive immunity?

  1. Germline encoded defense
  2. Highly conserved global strategies (no gene rearrangement/somatic hypermutation)
  3. Function within WBC’s of myeloid lineage
A

INNATE

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5
Q

What are some cells of innate immunity in the blood that are of MYELOID origin(5)? Of lymphoid origin (2)

In the Tissues?(3)
- of which origin?

A

Myeloid:

  1. Monocyte
  2. Neutrophil
  3. IMMATURE Dendritic Cells
  4. Eosonophils
  5. Basophils

Lymphoid:

  1. T cell
  2. NK cell

Tissues - Myeloid:

  1. Mature dendritic cell
  2. Immature Dendritic cell
  3. MACROPHAGE
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6
Q

What are the KEY cells in the innate immune response, that are not found in the ADAPTIVE immune response?

What are the two types?

A
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    - leukocytes that recognize, ingest, and kill invading microbes

Two types:
a)Macrophages

B) Neutrophils

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7
Q

What are the main differences for Macrophages and Neutrophils:

A
  1. Life span
  2. Location of origin

Macrophages:

  • LONG life span
  • widely distributed in tissues

Neutrophils:

  • short lived
  • NOT in normal tissues, but instead in the blood
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8
Q

The following describes macrophages or neutrophils?

  1. Long lived
  2. Widely distributed in normal tissues
  3. Terminally differentiated cells (don’t actively divide/differentiate)
  4. FIRST RESPONDERS
  5. Derived from monocytes
  6. High number at site of injury/inflammation
A

MACROPHAGES

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9
Q

The following describes macrophages or neutrophils?

  1. Most common circulating WBC
  2. RAPID responders
  3. Short lived
  4. RARELY in normal tissue
A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

What are the 4 main functions of macrophages & neutrophils?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Mediator Production
  3. PAMP recognition
  4. Inflammatory response
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11
Q

What is opsonization?

What is an example within adaptive & innate immunity?

A

The coating of particles by molecules that enhance recognition by phagocytes

ex: adaptive immunity can opsonize pathogens with antibodies

Innate: opsonize with proteins of the complement system

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12
Q

What is mediator production?

What are some mediators that macrophages and neutrophils produce? (5)

What are their functions?

A

Produce a large variety of substances to combat the invading microorganism

  1. Cytokines
    - program cells for combat
  2. Chemokines
    - recruit leukocytes to infection site
  3. Hydrolases
    - assist in clearing pathogens
  4. Lipid Mediators
    - act like cytokines to affect how cells behave
  5. Reactive Nitrogen species & Oxygen
    - bleaching the area
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13
Q

Which cells highly express are PRR’s (PAMP recognition receptors)?

What type of signals do they recognize?

What signals do they initiate?

A
  1. Highly expressied in MACROPHAGES & dendritic cells
  2. PRR’s are highly conserved and recognize bacterial, viral, and fungal components
  3. Initiate signals that recruit B and T cells
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14
Q

What are some important PRR receptors?

A
  1. TLR (toll like receptor)
  2. NLR - nod like receptors
  3. RLR (RIG- I helices like receptors)
  4. CLR (C-type lectin receptors)
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15
Q

What is inflammation?

Initiation of inflammation is innate or adaptive immune response?

What is acute inflammation?

A

Accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and WBC’s when tissue is injured, infected, or immune response is activated

INNATE immune response = inflammation

Acute inflammation is the inflammation that results from the innate response to a threat

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16
Q

What are the main functions of Inflammation?

A
  1. Fundamentally Protective
    (contain/destroy bacteria)
  2. Trigger by INNATE CELLS that release pro-inflammatory mediators
  3. Destroy/Contain pathogens
  4. Interwoven with tissue repair
  5. Can be destructive if not controlled (prolonged)
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17
Q

What are the 4 pillars of the immune response?

What are the 3 key events?***

A
  1. Redness
  2. Pain
  3. Heat
  4. Swelling
  5. Increased Blood flow
  6. Increased Vascular Permeability
  7. Infiltration of WBC’s to the area
18
Q

Describe the purpose of the following responses to inflammation:

  1. Increased Blood flow
  2. Increased Vascular Permeability
    - where does this occur primarily
    - what can occur if this is prolonged
  3. Infiltration of WBC’s to the area
    (which cells invade 1st,2nd, 3rd)
A
  1. Increased Blood flow
    - vasodilation to have more movement of serum mediators and White cells to the area of insult
  2. Increased Vascular Permeability
    - endothelial cells contract
    - widened intracellular junctions
    * primarily in VENULES*
    - can cause necrosis/detachment

MAIN: Serum components leak into the tissue space

  1. Infiltration of WBC’s to the area
  • neutrophils invade 1st
  • Macrophages 2nd
  • lymphocytes 3rd
19
Q

What turns on the innate System/Response?

A

PAMPS/DAMPS!!!

(DAMPS recognize if DNA is outside the cell)

  • PRR’s on Dendritic Cells or Macrophages activate an immune response
  • specific PAMP is activates to eliminate the type of infecting organism that bears the PAMP
20
Q

What happens after the PRR binds to PAMP/DAMP and initiates the Immune Response?

A

leads to expression of pro inflammatory cytokines & antimicrobial proteins

21
Q

What kind of PAMPS do TLR’s recognize specifically?

A

Viral Nucleic Acids

– LPS (gram negative bacteria)

22
Q

What are 4 classes of PRR’s and what do they specifically do?

Which are extracellular?

A
  1. Toll-like Receptors:
    sense extracellular pathogens like bacteria/viral
  2. C-Type: recognize sugars exposed on the surface of certain fungi (fungal infections) =
    EXTRACELLULAR
  3. Nod Like Receptors:
    conserved molecules on the surface of bacteria, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP)
    recognize both viral and bacterial
    (INTRACELLULAR)
  4. RLR: Rig – I receptors :

recognize RNA molecules (often viral RNA molecules)
recognize the structural differences in the RNA
(INTRACELLULAR)

23
Q

What do TLR’s recognize specifically?

A

Phagocytosed bacteria

or Extracellular Bacteria

24
Q

What happens when a TLR is activated?

A

LPS binds TLR 4

  • -> transmits a signal–> MyD88
  • -> transmits to IRAK –> NF kB
25
Q

What is the most important and final common path for pro-inflammatory activation?

A

Activation of NF-kB (via phosphorylation of IkB)

  • activates genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines & antimicrobial proteins!!
26
Q

What happens when a TLR is missing, mutated, or inappropriately activated?

A

Would get unrestricted replication of bacteria

27
Q

What cells are the most important cells in the immune system and act as a gateway to the adaptive response?

A

Dendritic Cells!

  • determine what type of adaptive response will occur
28
Q

What happens if the following is mutated:

  1. TLR
  2. MyD88 or IRAK4 (downstream signals)

Which is more immunodeficient/severe?

A
  1. TLR mutated
    - prone to viral or bacterial infections!
  2. MyD88 or IRAK4
    = prone to BACTERIAL infections only!

MyD88/IRAK = SEVERE
* more immunodeficient since it is downstream**

29
Q

What are the 4 critical cells that interface with the adaptive system?

A
  1. DC (dendritic)
  2. NK cells (lymphoid)
  3. NKT-gammadeltaT
30
Q

What are some characteristics of Dendritic Cells?

A
  1. Roam freely throughout most tissues/organs
  2. Multiple types of PRR displayed
  3. Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
  4. Direct the TYPE of adaptive response
    (based on PRR , NK, and gamma delta lymphocytes)
  5. Can secrete different cytokines
  6. HIGH PHAGOCYTIC activity
31
Q

How can Dendritic Cells initiate antibody production?

A

Mature Dendritic cell takes the antigen back to a lymph node & presents it to T – Cells so that B cells can recognize it and make antibodies

32
Q

Describe the following for NK cells:

  1. Origin of derivation
  2. Innate or Adaptive?
    (why)
  3. Cooperation? How specifically?
  4. T cell receptor expressed?
A
  1. LYMPHOID origin
  2. Innate
    - pre-programmed and not diversified in response to antigens
  3. Cooperates with humoral immunity to kill infected cells (Antibody producing cells)
    - Fc receptors on NK cells recognize antibodies and signal NK to kill target cep by apoptosis
  4. NO T-cell receptor expressed!
33
Q

Describe the following for NKT cells:

  1. NK cells or T cells?
    - which chains do they express
  2. The TCR they carry is restricted to what type of antigens? (what do they recognize)
  3. Function?
  4. What do they produce and which do they influence
    - cell mediated or antibody mediated responses?
A
  1. T cells (subset)
  2. Carry a TCR for GLYCOLIPIDs (not peptides)
    - * express alpha beta*
  3. Provide immediate help for adaptive immune system
  4. Cytokines
    - influence BOTH cell mediated & humoral (antibody mediated)

** restricted & do not recognize a wide range of molecules**

34
Q

Describe the following for Gamma Delta Lymphocytes:

  1. What do they recognize?
  2. What chains of T cells do they express instead of alpha- beta?
  3. Where in the body are these most prominent?
A
  1. Recognize PHOSPHO-ANTIGENS
    - respond similarly to a conventional T cell
  2. Highly conserved responses
  3. prominent at mucosal sites!
    ex: respiratory & gastrointestinal
  • critical for initial innate response before conventional T cells intervene & respond
35
Q

What specific characteristic of Innate Immunity allows it to respond better to secondary infections?

This is due to what?

A
  1. can be TRAINED! (no memory though)
  2. Epigenetic Changes

Macrophages/monocytes can undergo “trained immunity”

36
Q

Describe the following:

  1. Primary Lymphoid Tissue
  2. Secondary Lymphoid TIssue
  3. Regional/Specialized Lymphoid
A
  1. Primary Lymphoid Tissue
    - bone marrow
    - thymus (where cells learn to distinguish self from non-self)
  2. Secondary Lymphoid TIssue
    - lymph nodes
    - spleen (responds to blood borne pathogens + antibody production)
  3. Regional/Specialized Lymphoid
  • submucosal lymphoid tissue in respiratory & GI threats
    LIVER is a major scavenger site
37
Q

What is different from trained immunity versus innate?

A

TRAINED IMMUNITY

= immune system can control infection in a manner that is not ANTIGEN SPECIFIC

38
Q

What delivers antigens to the lymph node/spleen?

What happens once it arrives there?

Where do these cells travel after leaving the Node/Spleen?

A
  1. Blood & DC
  2. Antigens activate ADAPTIVE system of B and T cells in the lymphoid tissue
  3. Adaptive Response: Activated T and B cells
  4. Activated T cells & antibodies exit the Node/Spleen and migrate to the infection area & ELIMINATE it
39
Q

What is the major difference between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Which system can be TRAINED to remember an infection so that it can respond better/stronger next time?

Which utilizes clonal expansion?

Which alerts and which attacks?

A

Innate:

simplistic
- identifies foreign sugars, nucleic acids, and conserved lipid and protein structures

Adaptive:
recognizes microbial peptide derivates via surface cell receptors on LYMPHOCYTES

  1. INNATE can be trained
  2. ADAPTIVE uses clonal expansion of antigen-specific cells
  3. Innate alerts what the precise danger is

Adaptive attacks the pathogen

40
Q

Which PRR’s are transmembrane? Which are intra-cytoplasmic?

A

Transmembrane:

  1. TLR
  2. CLR

Intra-Cytoplasmic:

  1. RLR
  2. NLR

Immunology (26 decks)

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