Intro Flashcards
Describe the key differences in the following for Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses:
- Timing
- Specificity
- Memory
- Timing
Innate: FAST
Adaptive: lag time = slow - Specificity
Innate: NOT Antigen Specific
Adaptive: Effector cells are antigen specific
- Memory
Innate: NONE
Adaptive: Present!
BOTH can be modified epigenetically
Which system delays the ability of a pathogen to infect the host, and which can eliminate the pathogen?
- Innate = delays
2. Adaptive = DESTROYS
What is the first level of defense of the INNATE System?
- Chemical
- fatty acids (skin)
- low pH (gut)
- enxymes (gut)
- salivary enzymes in eyes/nose - Mechanical
Skin, Gut, Lungs, Eyes/nose all have epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
- skin & gut have longitudinal flow of air or fluid
- lungs have movement of mucus by cilia - Microbiological
- normal flora
Which system is
- Germline Derived
- No precise Memory
- Highly destructive
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
What are two forms of danger that the innate system uses to become active?
- Cell damage
2. Pathogen Exposure
What are the steps in activation of the INNATE system?
- How do the innate immune cells sense danger?
- What are the patterns called
- What are the receptors?
- What happens when these bind?
- Immune cells sense molecular patterns unique to microbes or damaged cells
(DNA) - Patterns Pathogen/Damage associated Molecular Patterns =
PAMPS (pathogen) or DAMPS (damage) - Receptors for both are TOLL Like receptors (TLR)
* on innate cells* - TLR recognize and bind PAMP or DAMP –> activates phagocytic & killing mechanisms of cells via BINDING
What are the “gateway” to the immune system & thus the ignition switch that turns on innate immune responses?
TLR!
How is danger dealt with once it is detected? (2 pathways)
- Circulating Proteins
- Immune Effector Cells
- cooperate for efficiency
What are cells of the innate system?
What is a downfall of these cells?
Leukocytes!
- rapid & large number of responses
- contain granules loaded with lethal/hydrolytics/oxidizing molecules
- Cannot discriminate between pathogens and underlying tissue
What two groups of leukocytes are efficient at phagocytosis?
Neutrophils & Macrophages
The soluble proteins that circulate in the vascular system & facilitate activation of immune reactions during infection are synthesized WHERE?
LIVER
What specific structural components do proteins bind to on bacterial cell walls?
- MANNOSE - containing structural components
- PAMPs
- molecular pattern
What is the function of cytokines?
crude communication system where they could not only tell each other a pathogen was present but could activate themselves and their neighbors
- bridge between innate & adaptive immunity
What are mandatory participants in the immune response?
Cytokines
Describe the following for Cytokines:
- Structure
- Function
- Action
- two chain peptides encoded by separate genes
- exhibit PLEIOTROPISM & REDUNDANCY - Produced by a variety of cells to “communicate”
- lymphocytes & macrophages use cytokines to regulate intensity of immune response
** Agonist/Antogonist dynamics***
- Actions vary and dependent on state of target cell
What is pleiotropism?
all kinds of different affects that vary based on what stimulates the cell to make a cytokine
What are the 4 cardinal characteristics of the ADAPTIVE immune system?
(EXAM)
- Recognize Antigens
- Distinguish between SELF - and NON-SELF
- CLONALLY expand antigen specific cells after their activation
- REMEMBER specific encounters (memory)
What cell type is responsible for the ADAPTIVE immune response?
How are these identified?
Lymphocyte!
- identified via markings on cell surface = CD
Describe the 4 major functions of the Small Lymphocyte of the Adaptive System.
- Has specific antigen receptors
- Communicates with other cells by cytokines and receptors
- Clonal proliferation
- Generates a response specific for the occasion
What are the two subtypes of the Small Lymphocyte of the adaptive response and what are their functions?
- B cell:
- become plasma cells
- can product specific antibodies to destroy pathogens
“communicators”
- T cell:
a) Helper b) Killer
- regulate immune response by controlling cytokine production
What adaptive cell has the ability to regulate the immune response by controlling cytokine production?
T cell!
The following describe innate or adaptive immunity?
- Specificity inherited in genome
- Expressed by all cells of a particular type
- Triggers immediate response
- Recognizes broad class of pathogens
- Interacts with a range of molecular structures of a given type
INNATE
The following describe innate or adaptive immunity?
- Encoded in multiple gene segments
- Requires gene rearrangement
- Cloncal Distribution
- Discriminate between CLOSELY related structures
ADAPTIVE immunity
