Lecture 2 -Immunity Flashcards
What is the structure of viruses
Contain proteins (nucleic acids) and sometimes a protein shell known as a capsule, and they hijack the hosts cells and use their machinery to spread
What is the structure of a bacterial
Rigid cell wall and genetic information in circular chromosomes
What is the difference between resident and transient flora?
.resident is there for a long time and is apart of our bodies naturally( for example ecoli in tummy ) whereas transient is there for A short time such us the bacteria that you touch on A door knob
List examples of how Flora makes US healthy/how they behave
- There is flora involved in metabolism and digestion 2. Imbalance of Flora can cause issues like diarrhea 3.
.what is non specific immunity
Our daily immune system which consists of our skin, white blood cells ) phagocytes, complement and mucus
What is humoral specific immunity
This is specific immunity which is defined by the circulation of antibodies, which are usually LGs. Antibodies are made by b-cells which are catalyzed by the presence of antigen marking organisms, organisms with toxins or capsules
What are some key characteristics of antigens?
Usually protein, are “no-self” and foreign to the body and stimulate antibody production
What is the definition of antibody?
’ An immunoglobin that is produced in response to circulating antigen and it specifically codes for how to react with ONE ANTIGEN in particular
What is lgG and what does it do?
. Is a specific immunoglobin(antibody) that has 2 binding sites is y and shaped,i binds with antigen line a key and lock. They bind with macrophages, and other areas of immune systems to destroy antibody, and can be passed from mother to newborn for immunity
What is cell mediated specific immunity
This type of immunity uses complex system of trained cells(macrophages, T cells) rather than antibodies. Active in microbial infections and some ruses.
T cells are main players I killer cytotoxic) T -cells generated from memory t-cells, trained sells
Essential for parasites, tumours, foreign cells (transplants)
How does antibody binding occur
The antibodies bind to the specific antigen and will begin cross linking bacteria and they pile on top of one another and die/ not be able to multiply
Explain 1st immune response
Antibody response to new antigen (never had this illness, or the vaccine for it) latent period of several days max immunity day 2I
Explain second response
Basis for immunization occurs when antigen is introduced 2nd, 3rd etc. Times there is a shorter talent period
What is the serological reaction
.detects the presence of antibodies in serum sample (blood)
Results in observable antigen- antibody reaction
What are antigen presenting cells
These are phagocytic cells (macrophage ) which eat antigen and present their antigen marker , usually a protein, and helper T cells bind to the foreign antigen that was just presented
What is the sequence of immunization of cell mediated response
1 APC shows antigen
Activates killer T cells
Kills infected cell
Memory T cell then remember how’s to response
What is the sequence of humoral response
- APC show antigen 2. B-cells are activated 3. Antibodies created to defend against antigen 4. Memory b-cells remembers antibodies
What are some disorders of immunity
.allergies, autoimmune disease, immune deficiencies (when you can’t attack against pathogens ex. Can’t make antibodies or white blood cell low)
What is passive immunization
When the basis of the vaccine is the pre formed antibody against said disease which is administered
Short lived and requires boosters
What is active immunization
It administers the antigen itself, so your body makes and remembers antibodies for next time
What are live attenuated vaccines
Active immunization which cause subclinical or mild infection
What causes antibiotic resistance socially
Misuse of antibiotic in agriculture
Misuse in human population, misuse meaning overuse typically
What do bacteria do to develop resistance against antibiotics?
. Acquired resistance mainly and there are 3 main mechanisms of resistance
Alteration in drug target
Production in inactivating enzyme
Decreased antibiotic uptake
What is intrinsic resistance
Characteristic of microorganism vs the antibiotic , ie natural resistance. For example penicillin attacks cell wall if a bacteria naturally didn’t have one, that antibiotic wouldn’t work
What is acquired residence
Driven by mutation and selection (of bacterial
