Lecture 2 History Flashcards
What does Hegemony mean?
It means to have an influence over another; to be a leading power
What dynasty is the name China based on?
Qin dynasty
what was the xia dynasty known for?
flood control
advancements in agriculture and irrigation systems
metal work
(BCE)
What was the Shang dynasty known for?
Developing the Chinese writing system
Military technology
(BCE)
which dynasty was known for the feudal system
the zhou dynasty (BCE)
what is a feudal system?
where a kind grants a noble land in return for loyalty and military support
What is the mandate of heaven?
It suggests that a ruler is nominated by divine powers and must be obeyed. If the ruler is corrupt, then they will be punished through famines, floods or other natural disasters
What is the Zhou dynasty known for ?
the feudal system?
the mandate of heaven
confucianism, taoism and legalism
(BCE)
What are the main principles of confucianism?
One should lead by example
familial and social harmony
what does ‘Ren’ mean
extending empathy and kindness to others
What does ‘Li’ mean?
Social harmony achieved through rituals and ceremony
What does ‘Xiao’ mean?
Hierarchical respect structures
e.g. children respect parents
What does ‘Yi’ mean
Righteousness and justice - even if personal sacrifice is required
What does Zhi mean?
Knowledge and wisdom + good morals
What does junzi mean
a descriptive term for someone who embodies the 5 confucious values
when was the great leap forward?
1958-1961
what was the great leap forward
where china tried to industrialise by using cheap labour to increase exports. Lead to mass famine
when and what did deng xiaoping’s economic reforms achieve?
1978
economic reforms after copying successful strategies from hong kong
what are the 3 confucian principles
moral action, knowing and feeling
what does taoism say
simplicity and naturalness
minimise control and ruling
focus on inner peace
yin yang
1 country 2 systems
four main chinese philosophies
taoism
legalism
buddhism
confucianism
what does legalism advocate for?
people are naturally greedy
strict laws
centralised control
powerful military
harsh punishments
what was the first great chinese empire and what was it known for?
the qin dynasty (standardised states, centralised powers, legalist) (BCE)
what was the greatest dynasty in china’s history?
Tang dynasty (618-907 CE)
what dynasties were 1500-1800AD?
The Ming Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty
What was the Ming dynasty known for?
(1368-1644 CE)
Restored Han governance principles
extensive domestic and international trade
maritime expeditions
later shifted towards isolationism
What was the Qing dynasty known for?
(1644-1912 CE)
Manchu conquest and expansion
expanded china’s borders
dual administrative system (Manchu and Han)
Cultural achievements and Western influences
opium wars
List the major factors that led to the decline of China by the late 1800s and the end of the Qing era. (3 marks)
Internal rebellions within the Qing dynasty
civil wars between the manchu-led qing dynasty (imperial) and the hakka-led taiping heavenly kingdom (anti-imperial)
opium wars after trade with UK
treaty of nanking - concessions from china including hong kong, major ports and trading conditions
sino-japanese war
Outline the major agricultural, economic and institutional conditions that led to the rise of China as a global superpower from 1500 to 1800AD. (3 marks)
- extensive domestic and international trade
- competitive trade policies - e.g. against UK with tea/opium trade
- manchu expansion of Chinese borders
- dual administrative systems
What is the acronym for the chinese nationalists?
KMT
what are the similarities between the mandate of heaven and confucianism?
both emerged in zhou dynasty
xiao
Li
Zhi
