Lecture 2: Health Management Flashcards
What are the 4 approaches to disease control? and what do they mean?
- Eradication- Extinction of a species of infectious agent from a population (can be global, National, or farm level)
- Prevention and Exclusion- All measures to exclude disease from an unaffected population of animals (Exclude disease from a geographic area and protect given population w/in geographic area)
- Immunization See next lecture
- Disease Management- All measures used to decrease the frequency of disease already present in a population by decreasing or eliminating causes of the disease to a level of little or no consequence
4 METHODS TO THIS
What are characteristics of an eradicable disease for global eradication?
1, No carrier state (therefore no potential to transmit an infectious agent)
2. No subclinical infections/short incubation period (to limit the possibility of infectious animals)
3. Limited to one species or family (eg ruminants therefore limited animals to spread)
4. Available intervention- good quality vaccine or test (accurate to correctly identify animals)
On a national basis what has Canada free from? How did they mange to compete this?
- Brucellosis (cattle and pigs)
- “TB free status”- except Manitoba
Mainly due to testing and culling (selective slaughter)
What are methods to deal with farm level disease eradication?
- Depopulation: Large or entire population of herd is removed and depending on disease determine what is done where. (see ex on slide 10)
- Selective removal: smaller scale, deliberate euthanasia of a majority of infected animals to protect the well majority. SCREENING or DIAGNOSTIC TEST to be able to detect disease.
-The test must either detect the disease agent or test for evidence of an immune response to agent (anti-body production)
What are the 2 types of tests at the farm level eradication?
- Screening test - Applied to healthy animals usually before clinical disease is evident
- Diagnostic test - Confirm or classify disease (follow up to positive screening test) and applied to “abnormal” or “unhealthy” animals EX COVID
What does SENSITIVITY refer to regarding test characteristics? What does a low and high test indicate?
SENSITIVITY= the ability of a test to identify truly diseased/infected animals
OR
the proportion of truly diseased individuals that the test diagnoses as diseased in the population
If sensitivity is poor/low then the test will miss finding diseased animals (increase false negatives)
Is sensitivity is high there will be few false negatives
What does SPECIFICITY refer to regarding *test characteristics? What does a low and high test indicate?
SPECIFICITY= the ability of a test to identify truly healthy/non-diseased animals
OR
the proportion of truly healthy animals that the test calls non-diseased
If sensitivity is poor/low then the test will call healthy animals diseased (increase false positives)
Is sensitivity is high there will be few false positives
What does the *predictive value of a test depend upon?
- Characteristics of the test= Test sensitivity and specificity
- Prevalence of disease in the population (how much disease at one time)
What are 4 methods of disease management?
- Quarantine - physical separation of sick or exposed animals from healthy population (rabies suspect, PRRSV) very important with contagious diseases
- Prophylactic treatment - Treat all animals w/in pop or geographic zone prophylactically at time of own risk. All animals treated whether diseased or not but based on informed risk assessment ex deworming for parasites and antibiotics in feedlot for pneumonia.
- Mass immunization - All animals at risk within a pop are tax, agent is present in pop or likes to be present. Goal is to decrease clinical disease incidence or severity. ex enzootic pneumonia
- Environmental control - Ventilation (heat stress or environmental pathogen), decrease pathogen load through cleanliness ex swine all in/all out, and stocking density (decrease both social stressor and envirn. contamination).
What is Health Management (HM)?
Health management is the promotion of health and prevention of disease in animals within the economic/business framework of the animal owner/industry, while recognizing the issue of:
Animal Welfare, Human safety, Environmental impact.
What are the 3 types of problems in the HM problems?
- NO PROBLEM PROBLEM- Misperception (New vet that thinks of a problem but farmer doesn’t agree)
- OLD PROBLEM PROBLEM - A known previously seen problem or repeated presentation (ongoing problem seen before maybe new idea)
- NEW PROBLEM PROBLEM - Most frequently or new outbreak
What are 5 principles of Health Management (HM)?
- Promote Optimal Health - focus is advising ppl on animal management (groups of animals/herds and flocks) can be local, regional, or national level
- Accommodate business/economic realities- Companion animals level of disposable income, food animals economically viable businesses ( be realistic)
- Promote Animal Welfare- set current standards that are acceptable to animals, owner, society (codes of practice)
- Promote Human and Food Safety- mitigating antibiotic residues, mitigating antibiotic resistance, and avoiding zoonotic disease
- Consider Potential Environmental Impact- Manure management (how is it felt with), Environmental farm plans, disposal (Euth on farm eat are we doing with them)
What S.M.A.R.T goals?
Specific-discrete aspect of management tied to an action (ex improve farrowing rate by 2%)
Measurable- Requires records (Farrowing rate previously)
Achievable- Constraints of ppl, animals, and their environment (is it realistic)
Results Oriented- Requires a “to do” list (who is doing what)
Time framed- When do you evaluate success/failure? (check in and when do you expect to see results)
