Lecture 17: Swine 1: Industry, Production and Biosecurity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the global trends of the world meat consumption?

A

-40% of all meat consumed is pork
-As the world population expands, so does the population of pigs
-As the economies of developing countries increases pork consumption increases (increase on global industry)
-The health of the global pig herd is important

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2
Q

What are some national trends seen in the CA swine industry?

A

-Pork: Canadas 3rd largest agricultural export commodity
-CA is the #1 exporter of live swine
-The health of the CA pig herd is important
-Major swine centres: ON, Quebec. Manitioba

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Pigs are only used as production animals its not common to have pet pigs or use them for any other purpose?

A

FALSE
-100,000 pet pigs in North america
-pigs: models for human medical research
-Pigs: important sources for human organ transplant

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4
Q

What are the types of quality assurance programs available for food safety?

A

Food safety
-Canadian Quality Assurance programs: 1998 (CQA)
-Animal Care Assurance program: 2012 (ACA)
-Pigsafe -Pigtrace -Pigcare
-Canadian Pork Excellence program (combo of 2 above)

-“Voluntary”- processors will want to see this when market
-Validators- held up by audits

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5
Q

What are the types of quality assurance programs available for biosecurity standards and code of practice?

A

Biosecurity:
-Recommendations (2012)
-Standards

Code of Practice (not mandatory but makes up Excellence program)
-Producers
-Transporters
-Packers

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6
Q

What are the overall trends seen in ON?

A

-THe number of hers is decreasing (less pigs farms)
-ON pig farm size is increasing (but overall growing bc increasing # of pigs per farm) production increasing
-Farms are predominantly family owned
-Land-based farms (for crop production and nutrient management and manure used to fertilized)
-Contributed over $4 million to provincial economy

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7
Q

Where and why are majority of the swine farms in ON?

A

-Majority are in the south western area of ON
-This is bc its closer to boarder for transport and slaughter but also can grow certain ingredients in this area

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8
Q

What are some economic costs associated with swine production?

A

Fixed costs of production
-Barn, labour, utilities

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9
Q

What is the number 2 cost of production and why does it fluctuate?

A

-# 1 cost is feed
-Fluctuates with cost of corn and number of pigs in the barn

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the swine industry is supply managed?

A

FALSE
-Can have big fluctuations
-This can influence farms choices for animal care/welfare by not being able to afford the better options

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11
Q

What are the 4 breeds covered in class? What are each know for?

A

Duroc (brown pigs)
- Good meat quality
- Good feed conversion
- Good growth rates
(often used as sire/boar semen)

Hampshire (Oreo)
- Good meat quality
- Good feed conversion
- Good growth rate

(can be disadvantage bc some producers don’t like dark hairs might mean more work)

Landrace (floppy white)
- Large litter sizes
- Good milk production
- Good growth rate

Yorkshire (stand up ears, white)
- Large litter sizes
- Good mothers

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12
Q

What are the different stages/types of swine farms?

A

Farrow to finish

-Breeding
-Gestation (moved to farrowing where they give birth, pregnant for 3m,3w,3d or 115d)
-Farrowing (sow gives birth, piglets are removed and weaned at 3w) and cycle repeated for sow
-Nursery 3-10w (for piglets to grow)
-Grow/finish 11-26w

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13
Q

What are the types of swine farms in more detail?

A

Farrow to finish
- +/- raise own replacement

Weaner producers
-Sell pigs at 20-25kg

Grow-finish operation
-Buy 20-25kg pigs & raise to market age

Breeding stock suppliers
-Sell gilts and boars to others, supply boars to AI stud
-Most pigs still go for market hogs

SEW (segregated early weaning)
-or multi-site production (multiple sow herds send pigs to one nursery)

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14
Q

What happens in the production phase of breeding?

A

-Sows in individual stalls or group pens -stay here until confirmed pregnant (at around 28d then move to group pens)
-Boars in individual stalls or pens

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: most of the breeding is done through AI only a small portion is done by natural breeding.

A

TRUE
-over 90% is artificial insemination
-Natural breeding 1boar:20 sows but not common

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16
Q

What happens at the proaction phase of gestation?

A

-Sows housed in individual stalls or group pens (currently shifting from stall –> group)
-Gestation length (115d)

17
Q

What are the pros and cons of stalls for gestation?

A

(only allowed to be in here until confirmed pregnant at 258d)
Pros:
-Easier to monitor/ identify if something wrong (abortion/pregnant)
-Less space in barn
-Reduced feed competition/ aggression at time of feeding
-Individual feeding (not a problem anymore with tags that regular feed bins)

Cons:
-Consumer perceptions
-Not able to turn around/express natural behaviours, restricting movement

18
Q

What are the pros and cons of group pens?

A

Pros:
-physically more fit to cary pregnancy

Cons:
-Social hierarchy social aggression, lose feed
-Increase rates of culling from injury/lameness

19
Q

What happens at the farrowing stage of production?

A

-Sows farrow (give birth) in crates
-Piglets weaned at 14-28d
-Crates are washed before new sows move in ie ALL IN ALL OUT movement

20
Q

How do farrowing crates work and what is the purpose?

A

-In a crate, sow lies down SLOWLY giving piglets time to move out of the way which prevents crushing
-Can open after 1w when they get bigger
-Pen doesn’t prevent ‘flopping’ just slows down descent

21
Q

what is the difference between all in/all out and continuous flow?

A

All-in/all-out
-Room/barn filled all at once
-Room/barn completely emptied and cleaned before new pigs enter
-Decreased disease spread

Continuous (never completely cleaned)
-New pigs constantly moved into room/barn
-Room.barn never completely empty
-More risk of disease

22
Q

What happens at the nursery stage of production?

A

-Move in at ~3w old and 5kg
-Housed in groups- males and females (separate breeding stock) oven doors and run in/out into pens
-Remain here for ~7w
-Move out at ~10w old and 25kg

23
Q

What happens at the grow/finish production phase?

A

-Housed in groups
-Remain here until reach market weight (~110kg) depends on producer but this is common
-Spend 100-120d in finishing barn (pigs are ~6m old when reach market weight)

24
Q

What does biosecurity refer to?

A

biosecurity refers to the steps taken to protect the pig farm from entry of disease agents- viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic
-Also prevent internal spread WITHIN barn

25
Q

What are the essential concepts of biosecurity?

A

NEW PIGS ARRIVING IN A HERD ARE THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF DISEASE
TO mediate:
1. But pigs from one source with known heart;th status
2. Buy from herd with good biosecurity (want to but for prod who cares about health of their pigs)
3. Quarantine new boars/gilts for at least 60d - test for disease, vaccinate, expose to sentinel pigs (isolation barn, housing new purchases)
4. Reduce the number of new pigs brought into herd - how do we do this? (increase internal replacement, breeding and keeping so already exposed to pathogens or using AI to decrease # of males bringing in
5. Build new barns away from other hers -3km (build away from other pigs, very dense in ON but still should be done)

26
Q

What is a big concept of biosecurity?

A

-control people movement via signage and access zones

CAZ- controlled access zone
-pig farm yard
-Buildings and driveway
-Access limited

RAZ: restricted access zone
-Where pigs are housed
-Defined entry protocol

27
Q

What are biosecurity considerations for people and vehicles?

A

People
1. Restrict access to barn-signs lock doors
2. Wash hands or shower
3. Change from street clothes into barn boots and coveralls

Vehicles
-Cn be contaminated by pig manure from other farms- pig transport, feed, headstock etc
1. Ensure trucks that have been to other farms have been cleaned
2. Don’t allow vehicles near barn (remember CAZ)
3. Have dead-stock pick up at end of lane (bin or separate dirveway)

28
Q

What are biosecurity measures for airborne spread of disease?

A

-Locate farm far from other farms/pigs and far from the road
-Use long driveways and many trees

29
Q

How do other animals on farm or wild life impact biosecurity?

A

Can bring new disease into barn or spread disease through barn
1. No cats/dogs/other species in barn
2. Rodent control program
3. Screens to keep birds out (influenza affect birds, pigs, ppl)

30
Q

Why is there such a strong focus on biosecurity?

A

-Food security/safety stand point
-No quota so affect overall profit
-Housing together so disease can spread quick
-Eradication is harder so avoid problem is key