Lecture 15: Poultry 1 Flashcards
What are the major poultry types for broiler chickens?
-Raised for meat (there are broiler turkeys but usually chickens)
-Heavy-boned, large body, and genetically selected for fast growth and high breathing meat yield
-Main breeds in CA: Ross and Cobb
What are the major poultry types for layer chickens?
-Produce table eggs
-Light weight and genetically selected for high egg production
-Main breeds in CA: Lohmann, ISA, Hyline, Shaver, Bovan, Dekalb
What are the major poultry types for turkey?
-Raised for meat
-Heavy-boned, large body, and genetically selected for high breast meat yield
-Main breed in CA: Broad Breasted White
-There are only 2 commercial strains in North America supplied by two primary breeding companies: Avian Turkeys in the US and Hybrid Turkeys in ON
What are major types of poultry breeders?
-Produce hatching (ie fertilized( eggs for the next generation of broilers, layer or turkey (parent stock)
What are minor types of poultry?
-Ducks and geese (Fairly large in CA for export)
-Ratites (ostriches, emus, rheas)
-Pigeons (‘squab’) ie young pigeon
-Game birds (quail, partridges, pheasants)
What are the basics relating to supply management?
-Government endorsed partnerships that regulates domestics production and imports of certain commodity groups, including chicken, turkey, eggs, broiler hatching eggs (and milk)
-Corresponding national marketing agency sets the quota based on domestic consumption of the product
-The quota is divided by province based on historical human populations
-Producer must purchase quota to have the right to market their product
-Cant legally raise poultry without quota (exceptions up to 50 turkeys, 99 layer chickens and 300 broiler chickens)
-Price of quota fluctuates depending on demand (but generally increases)
-Major financial investment for the producer
What are the 3 pillars of supply management?
- Production planning:
-Supply of the product is kept steady by determining how much of the product to produce every quota period - Import controls:
-Predicting imports plays a critical role in determining how much of the profit the industry needs to produce to satisfy Canada’s needs (tariff rate quotas with effective over-quota tariffs to control imports of products) - Producer pricing:
-Farmers collectedly negotiate a fair price for their products based on what it costs to produce them (every source/feed of ingredient gets factored in)
What does supply management ensure?
-Supply of the commodity matches the demand for it
-Prices paid to farmers are steady overtime, cover their production costs (fair), and leave them with a predictable income
-Canadian consumers have access to a consistent supply of high quality, domestically-produced products at reasonable prices..all without government subsides
What is a brief overview of the poultry industry?
-Globally CA is a minor player with respect to poultry production, importing and exporting (exception: turkey genetics)
-Highest producing Provences: ON, Quebec, BC
What is the Canadian Hatching Egg industry?
-Part of Broiler Breeders
-240 broiler hatching egg farmers in 8 provinces
-Produced 757 million broiler hatching eggs to meet the needs of the CA chicken industry
-Industry consists of breeder growers and hatching egg producers
-Birds are moved from the breeder grower facility to the hatching egg facility ~ 20 weeks of age
-Average flock size is 10k - 15k birds
-Begin laying fertilized eggs at ~26 w (don’t collect eggs right away wait until 26w bc want to a minimum size of egg to control size of chick coming out ie want bigger so wait a little longer)
-Each hen will lay 150-160 fertilized eggs over the course of a laying cycle that is ~34-36 w (8months) in duration (taken out of proaction around 60-62w)
-Fertilized eggs are collected daily and inspected by famers before being shipped to hatcheries (if cracked/contaminated then taken out)
What is the broiler breeder flock?
-Hens and roosters are housed together at a ratio of ~10hens: 1 rooster
-Mating is natural
-Light duration and intensity
- <21w: short day length (8h); low intensity
- >21w: longer day length (11h) higher intensity (to stimulate laying/reproduction
What happens in the broiler hatchery?
-Hatching eggs can be stored for at least 7 days at 16-18C and 75% humidity (cool and humid) with the small end pointed down (air bubble)
-Proper storage conditions prevent the embryo from developing while preventing moisture loss
What is the total incubation time for broilers?
21d
What is the first stage of incubation for broiler and what happens?
-Setter -1st stage of incubation (1-18d)
-Hatching eggs are incubated at 38C and 58-60% relative humidity
-Eggs are turned every hour (mimics what would happen in nature, keeps embryo viable and not stuck against side)
What happens at day 18 for fertilized broiler eggs?
On day 18 of incubation, eggs are transferred from the setter to the hatcher
-In-ovo vaccination for Marek’s disease occurs at this time (candling will recognize if fertilized w/ embryo and take out ones that aren’t & vaccination start with spray of alcohol and needle come in supposed to go to embryonic fluid but muscle is okay)
What is the 2nd stage of broiler hatchery what happens and how long?
Hatcher - 2nd stage of incubation (days 18-21)
-Humidity is increased to at least 65%
-This helps the chick break out of the egg shell
What happens at day one for chicks (broiler hatchery)?
At day one of age, chicks are processed:
-Health check (always- look for open naval, malformations, swollen hocks)
-Sexed (sometimes but mostly go into barn together)
-Spray-vaccinated against infectious bronchitis virus +/- coccidiosis (carwash, music membrane similar outcome but mass immunization technique)
-Placed into a shipping box (102 chicks per box) and transported to a commercial farm
What is done to prepare the barn for chicks (broiler)?
Must:
-Remove manure and used litter (after every flock)
-Dry clean (blow down dust off fans, walls, feed lines)
Should not mandatory:
-Wet clean using water and detergent to remove organic material and decrease pathogen load (something with surfactant allows to disinfectant to work better)
-Disinfect barn surfaces and equipment to kill remaining pathogens (foam, spray, fog)
-Disinfect water lines (can be pathogen/mineral build up in water lines)
NOW CLEAN NOT STERILE BARN
After cleaning a broiler barn before chicks come what needs to be done after?
-Add clean bedding: wood shavings or straw (own straw cut)
-Lower the feed and water lines IMPORTANT
-Pre-heat the barn to 32-33C IMPORTANT (Cant thermoregulate first 10d of live so important usually have heat lamps)
Should provide:
-Place chick paper, and supplemental feeders and waterers
-Turn on heat lamps