Lecture 2- Environmental Pathology Flashcards
Children account for … % of injury from chemical agents
60%
What does CLADME stand for
Concentration Liberation Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
Overdose of Aspirin would be … gm for children or … gm for adults
2-4 gms
10-30 gms
The major actue injury of aspirin overdose is first … and then…
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
Chronic ingestion of aspiring (3gm or more per day) is associated with…
headaches dizziniess tinnitus (ringing ears) drowsiness mental changes gastritis GI bleed nausea/vomiting
may lead to seizures/coma
Overdose of acetaminophen (tylenol) would be about … gms
15-20 gms
Early symptoms of acetaminophen toxicity are nonspecific (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) but will be followed by … and … as the … progresses. May also be heart and kidney damage as well
jaundice
shock
liver failure
…% of lead (Pb) is taken up by bones and developing teeth– competes with calcium and interferes with remodeling process.
85%
Lead lines can appear … and …
on bones and at the free gingival margin (gingival hyperpigmentation)
Lead lines can appear … and …
on bones at epiphyseal plate
and
at the free gingival margin (gingival hyperpigmentation)
Lead blocks or hinders incorporation of…
Iron into hemoglobin
Monitoring lead exposure is a public health responsibility. The maximum allowable blood lead level was reduced from … to … ug/dL in 2012. Treatment is generally by … therapy (starting at … ug/dL)
10
5
chelation
45
One of the side effects of MDMA (ecstasy) is …
bruxism
Examples of club drugs
methamphetamines (MDMA,ecstasy)
LSD
ketamine
GHB
LSD
Rohypnol (roofies)
Body operates in temp range of ….
31-41 C
89-106 F
Hyperthermia (burns) cause … deaths per year in the US
5000
% of BSA in burns is called the rule of 9’s, how is it split up?
If …% is burned, patient is more likely to die
9 each arm 18 front trunk 18 back trunk 18 each leg 1 perineum
50%
Shock in burns is common when greater than … % bsa is involved
20% (says 30-40 in notes)
heat stroke is a temp of over …. and leads to peripheral vasodilation, confusion, coma, ischemia, muscle necrosis, DIC. high mortality rate!
40 degrees C
mild hypothermia is defined by these temps
32-25
89-95
moderate hypothermia is defined by these temps
28-32
82-89
severe hypothermia is defined as these temps
less than 28
less than 82
… is a unit that expresses the amount of energy absorbed by target tissue
Gray (Gy)
… is roughly equal to Gy but dose also factors in relative biologic effect (RBE)
Sievert (Sv)
Skin damage from radiation injuries will be the following:
…. 2-3 days
… 2-3 weeks
…. 4-6 weeks
… months/years/decades
erythema
edema
blistering
atrophy, fibrosis, neoplasia
lethal radiation range begins at … Sv and at … Sv death is certain w/o treatment
2
7
there are 2 protein compartments in the body
- somatic- skeletal muscles- can assess loss by measuring skinfold thickness
- visceral- liver- can assess by measuring serum proteins (albumin, transferrin)
… is deficiency of caloric intake which results in growth retardation and loss of muscle mass as the body catabolizes protein as a source of energy. When weight falls less than 60%
Marasmus
… is a common finding in marasmus and an indicator of immune system deficits
thrush
In…. there is a greater deficiency of protein than total calories. This is the most common form of PEM found in Africa and SE asia
kwashiorkor
… was found to prevent night blindness
vitamin A
Vitamin A is made up of 3 biologically active forms
retinol
retinal
retinoic acid
Over 90% of vitamin A is stored in liver where there are reserves for…
6-12 months
