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drugs and behaviors > lecture 2 - drugs, addiction , reward + reinforcement > Flashcards

lecture 2 - drugs, addiction , reward + reinforcement Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pure food and drug act? when was it developed?

A

administration created to regulate and enforce labeling ingredients on drugs.

developed in 1906

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2
Q

what is the harrison narcotics act? when was it developed?

A

passed in response to growing drug abuse problem in US. non-medical use of opium & cocaine banned, but physicians could still prescribe

developed in 1914

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3
Q

what is the 18th amendment to constitution? when was it developed?

A

banned sale and distribution of alcohol

developed in 1920 and and repealed in 1933

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4
Q

what is the marijuana tax act? when was it developed?

A

marijuana importation, cultivation, and distribution highly regulated and taxed highly. also the criminalization of growth and posession of it.

developed in 1937

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5
Q

what is the presidential commission on narcotics and drug abuse? when was it developed?

A

congressional support of addiction treatment and start of war on drugs

developed in 1960s

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6
Q

what is the controlled substances act? when was it developed?

A

created the DEA, drug schedules were created and regulated by the DEA

developed in 1970

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7
Q

what is the sentencing reform act? when was it developed?

A

created mandatory minimum sentences for drug related offenses

developed in 1984

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8
Q

what accounts for every thought, sensation, emotion, and physical movement?

A

brain structures and chemistry

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9
Q

what are factors of addiction?

A
  • anatomical characteristics of the brain
  • connectivity of pathways
  • changes in neurotransmitter concentrations
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10
Q

what is addiction also termed as?

A

substance use disorder

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11
Q

what is the definition of addiction?

A

a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by …
1. compulsion to seek out and consume the drug
2. loss of control in limiting intake
3. a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented

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12
Q

what drives an addict?

A

their craving for the drug

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13
Q

what is physical dependence?

A

abstaining from the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that cause the person to return to the drug use

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14
Q

what are drug free period known as?

A

remission

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15
Q

what is the period of when drug use reoccurs despite its negative consequences?

A

relapses

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16
Q

what are dopaminergic neurons?

A

neurons releasing dopamine

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17
Q

what is dopamine involved in?

A

behaviors

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18
Q

where are cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons located in the brain?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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19
Q

how do dopamine pathways form?

A

axons extend through the brain

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20
Q

what are the different dopamine pathways?

A
  • nigrostriatal pathway
  • mesolimbic pathway
  • mesocortical pathway
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21
Q

what is the starting point and ending point of the nigrostriatal pathway? what is it responsible for?

A

start: substantia nigra
end: striatum in basal ganglia

responsible for habit formation and compulsive behaviors

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22
Q

what is the starting point and ending point of the mesolimbic pathway? what is it responsible for?

A

start: ventral tegmental area
end: nucleus accumbens

responsible for motivation, pleasure, and cravings

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23
Q

what is the starting point and ending point of the mesocortical pathway? what is it responsible for?

A

start: ventral tegmental area
end: prefrontal cortex

responsible for self control, stress reactivity, and motivation

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24
Q

what feelings reinforce behavior so that it will be repeated?

A

pleasurable feelings

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25
Q

how do natural rewards allow an individual to feel pleasure?

A

natural rewards such as food, water, sex, and nurturing allows a person to feel pleasure when eating, drinking, procreating, and being nurtured

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26
Q

what is the pathway that is responsible for rewarding pathways?

A

mesolimbic “reward” pathway

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27
Q

what are primary reinforcers?

A

you know when something feels good

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28
Q

what pathway do most drugs of abuse affect directly or indirectly?

A

mesolimbic pathway

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29
Q

what does overactivation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway lead to?

A

drug cravings and then substance use disorder

30
Q

what does stimulating the mesolimbic dopamine pathway do in regards to behavior?

A

it increases the likelihood of behavior to be repeated (positive reinforcement)

31
Q

why do addictive substances have a distorted reward value?

A

they mimic effect of natural rewards but in a greater magnitude and thus shape behavior. eventually, pathological learning will cause the person to prefer the substance over natural rewards.

32
Q

what is impulsivity?

A

the inability to control goal directed behavior and the lack of consider for consequences of actions

33
Q

what is the brain activity of an individual who shows impulsivity?

A
  • REDUCED prefrontal cortex activity
  • INCREASED mesolimbic dopamine pathway
34
Q

what is the mesocortical dopamine pathway responsible for?

A

executive control like reasoning , decision-making, impulse control, working memory

35
Q

what occurs if there is disruption in the mesocortical pathway?

A

problems with self control, stress-reactivity, and motivation to seek drugs

36
Q

what dysfunctional loop is responsible for compulsive behaviors of addiction?

A

cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop

  1. orbitofrontal cortex
  2. anterior cingulate cortex
  3. nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
  4. thalamus
37
Q

what does the orbitofrontal cortex do in compulsive behavior?

A

integrates sensory info for decision making and is highly involved in anticipating the outcome of choices (consequences of my actions)

38
Q

what does the anterior cingulate cortex do in compulsive behavior?

A

tags emotions to thoughts like disgust, guilt. regulates emotional feelings.

39
Q

what does the nigrostriatal dopamine pathways do in compulsive behavior?

A

the striatum in the basal ganglia is responsible for movement and automation of motor sequences – repetitive behaviors

40
Q

what does the thalamus do in compulsive behavior?

A

it is the relay station

41
Q

what is a habit?

A

repeated behavior in which the repetition may be unconscious

42
Q

what are habits by compulsion?

A

if habit occurs by compulsion and considerable discomfort is experienced if the behavior is not performed, then it is considered addiction

43
Q

what are the characteristics of disease?

A
  1. clear biological basis
  2. identifiable signs/symptoms
  3. predictable course and outcomes
  4. inability to control the cause of the disease
44
Q

what association labeled alcoholism as an illness and when did this occur?

A

the american medical association deemed it as an illness in 1956

45
Q

when did the supreme court declare addiction to be a disease?

A

1962

46
Q

where are diagnosis parameters for drug addiction published in?

A
  1. DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders )
  2. ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems )
47
Q

who developed the ICD?

A

the world health organization

48
Q

who developed the DSM-5?

A

the american psychiatric’s association

49
Q

why is ICD and DSM-5 different?

A

ICD is in all languages for all countries and providers, and for all diseases.

DSM-5 is in English and for US behavioral health providers, only psychological and psychiatric disorders.

50
Q

what are the severity components added to the diagnosis by the DSM-5?

A
  • mild: meet only two or three criteria
  • moderate: meet four or five criteria
  • severe: meet six or more criteria
51
Q

what is behaviorism?

A

the understanding that behavior is a response to the environment and pathological learning

52
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

through repeated pairing, a neutral stimulus can eventually be correlated with a reward

53
Q

what is a preconditioning?

A
  • the beer label makes has no effect on you
  • the beer itself makes you drunk (unconditioned stimulus)
54
Q

what is conditioning?

A

the beer with the specific beer label makes you drunk

55
Q

what is post conditioning?

A

the label itself causes you to think your drunk even if the beer isnt there

56
Q

what environmental cues can increase drug cravings?

A
  • people: drug dealer, bartender
  • places: bars, frat party
  • time periods: after 10 pm on a saturday
  • things: bongs, lighters
57
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior. rewards are introduced to increase a behavior and punishment decreases a behavior.

58
Q

what is the term of increasing the likelihood of a behavior happening?

A

reinforcement

59
Q

what is the term of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior happening?

A

punishment

60
Q

what is a primary reinforcer?

A

intrinsically rewarding

61
Q

what is a secondary reinforcer?

A

learned associations cause an item to be consider valuable because of what it signals

62
Q

what is satiation?

A

satisfaction/fullness

63
Q

what is immediacy?

A

how quickly the response occurs

64
Q

what is contingency?

A

how reliably the consequence follows the behavior

65
Q

what is strength of stimulus?

A

how strong the stimulus is

66
Q

if you give something bad to a person, what happens?

A

their behavior is weakened and won’t want to do it again (POSITIVE PUNISHMENT)

67
Q

if you give something good to a person, what happens?

A

their behavior is strengthened so they most likely will do it again (POSITIVE REINFORCMENT)

68
Q

if you take something bad away from a person, what happens?

A

their behavior is strengthened so they most likely will do it again (NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT)

69
Q

if you take something good away from a person, what happens?

A

their behavior is weakened and won’t want to do it again (NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT)

70
Q
A

drugs and behaviors (2 decks)

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