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drugs and behaviors > lecture 2 - drugs, addiction , reward + reinforcement > Flashcards

lecture 2 - drugs, addiction , reward + reinforcement Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pure food and drug act? when was it developed?

A

administration created to regulate and enforce labeling ingredients on drugs.

developed in 1906

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2
Q

what is the harrison narcotics act? when was it developed?

A

passed in response to growing drug abuse problem in US. non-medical use of opium & cocaine banned, but physicians could still prescribe

developed in 1914

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3
Q

what is the 18th amendment to constitution? when was it developed?

A

banned sale and distribution of alcohol

developed in 1920 and and repealed in 1933

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4
Q

what is the marijuana tax act? when was it developed?

A

marijuana importation, cultivation, and distribution highly regulated and taxed highly. also the criminalization of growth and posession of it.

developed in 1937

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5
Q

what is the presidential commission on narcotics and drug abuse? when was it developed?

A

congressional support of addiction treatment and start of war on drugs

developed in 1960s

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6
Q

what is the controlled substances act? when was it developed?

A

created the DEA, drug schedules were created and regulated by the DEA

developed in 1970

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7
Q

what is the sentencing reform act? when was it developed?

A

created mandatory minimum sentences for drug related offenses

developed in 1984

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8
Q

what accounts for every thought, sensation, emotion, and physical movement?

A

brain structures and chemistry

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9
Q

what are factors of addiction?

A
  • anatomical characteristics of the brain
  • connectivity of pathways
  • changes in neurotransmitter concentrations
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10
Q

what is addiction also termed as?

A

substance use disorder

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11
Q

what is the definition of addiction?

A

a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by …
1. compulsion to seek out and consume the drug
2. loss of control in limiting intake
3. a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented

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12
Q

what drives an addict?

A

their craving for the drug

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13
Q

what is physical dependence?

A

abstaining from the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that cause the person to return to the drug use

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14
Q

what are drug free period known as?

A

remission

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15
Q

what is the period of when drug use reoccurs despite its negative consequences?

A

relapses

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16
Q

what are dopaminergic neurons?

A

neurons releasing dopamine

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17
Q

what is dopamine involved in?

A

behaviors

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18
Q

where are cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons located in the brain?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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19
Q

how do dopamine pathways form?

A

axons extend through the brain

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20
Q

what are the different dopamine pathways?

A
  • nigrostriatal pathway
  • mesolimbic pathway
  • mesocortical pathway
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21
Q

what is the starting point and ending point of the nigrostriatal pathway? what is it responsible for?

A

start: substantia nigra
end: striatum in basal ganglia

responsible for habit formation and compulsive behaviors

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22
Q

what is the starting point and ending point of the mesolimbic pathway? what is it responsible for?

A

start: ventral tegmental area
end: nucleus accumbens

responsible for motivation, pleasure, and cravings

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23
Q

what is the starting point and ending point of the mesocortical pathway? what is it responsible for?

A

start: ventral tegmental area
end: prefrontal cortex

responsible for self control, stress reactivity, and motivation

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24
Q

what feelings reinforce behavior so that it will be repeated?

A

pleasurable feelings

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25
how do natural rewards allow an individual to feel pleasure?
natural rewards such as food, water, sex, and nurturing allows a person to feel pleasure when eating, drinking, procreating, and being nurtured
26
what is the pathway that is responsible for rewarding pathways?
mesolimbic "reward" pathway
27
what are primary reinforcers?
you know when something feels good
28
what pathway do most drugs of abuse affect directly or indirectly?
mesolimbic pathway
29
what does overactivation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway lead to?
drug cravings and then substance use disorder
30
what does stimulating the mesolimbic dopamine pathway do in regards to behavior?
it increases the likelihood of behavior to be repeated (positive reinforcement)
31
why do addictive substances have a distorted reward value?
they mimic effect of natural rewards but in a greater magnitude and thus shape behavior. eventually, pathological learning will cause the person to prefer the substance over natural rewards.
32
what is impulsivity?
the inability to control goal directed behavior and the lack of consider for consequences of actions
33
what is the brain activity of an individual who shows impulsivity?
- REDUCED prefrontal cortex activity - INCREASED mesolimbic dopamine pathway
34
what is the mesocortical dopamine pathway responsible for?
executive control like reasoning , decision-making, impulse control, working memory
35
what occurs if there is disruption in the mesocortical pathway?
problems with self control, stress-reactivity, and motivation to seek drugs
36
what dysfunctional loop is responsible for compulsive behaviors of addiction?
cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop 1. orbitofrontal cortex 2. anterior cingulate cortex 3. nigrostriatal dopamine pathway 4. thalamus
37
what does the orbitofrontal cortex do in compulsive behavior?
integrates sensory info for decision making and is highly involved in anticipating the outcome of choices (consequences of my actions)
38
what does the anterior cingulate cortex do in compulsive behavior?
tags emotions to thoughts like disgust, guilt. regulates emotional feelings.
39
what does the nigrostriatal dopamine pathways do in compulsive behavior?
the striatum in the basal ganglia is responsible for movement and automation of motor sequences -- repetitive behaviors
40
what does the thalamus do in compulsive behavior?
it is the relay station
41
what is a habit?
repeated behavior in which the repetition may be unconscious
42
what are habits by compulsion?
if habit occurs by compulsion and considerable discomfort is experienced if the behavior is not performed, then it is considered addiction
43
what are the characteristics of disease?
1. clear biological basis 2. identifiable signs/symptoms 3. predictable course and outcomes 4. inability to control the cause of the disease
44
what association labeled alcoholism as an illness and when did this occur?
the american medical association deemed it as an illness in 1956
45
when did the supreme court declare addiction to be a disease?
1962
46
where are diagnosis parameters for drug addiction published in?
1. DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ) 2. ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems )
47
who developed the ICD?
the world health organization
48
who developed the DSM-5?
the american psychiatric's association
49
why is ICD and DSM-5 different?
ICD is in all languages for all countries and providers, and for all diseases. DSM-5 is in English and for US behavioral health providers, only psychological and psychiatric disorders.
50
what are the severity components added to the diagnosis by the DSM-5?
- mild: meet only two or three criteria - moderate: meet four or five criteria - severe: meet six or more criteria
51
what is behaviorism?
the understanding that behavior is a response to the environment and pathological learning
52
what is classical conditioning?
through repeated pairing, a neutral stimulus can eventually be correlated with a reward
53
what is a preconditioning?
- the beer label makes has no effect on you - the beer itself makes you drunk (unconditioned stimulus)
54
what is conditioning?
the beer with the specific beer label makes you drunk
55
what is post conditioning?
the label itself causes you to think your drunk even if the beer isnt there
56
what environmental cues can increase drug cravings?
- people: drug dealer, bartender - places: bars, frat party - time periods: after 10 pm on a saturday - things: bongs, lighters
57
what is operant conditioning?
specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior. rewards are introduced to increase a behavior and punishment decreases a behavior.
58
what is the term of increasing the likelihood of a behavior happening?
reinforcement
59
what is the term of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior happening?
punishment
60
what is a primary reinforcer?
intrinsically rewarding
61
what is a secondary reinforcer?
learned associations cause an item to be consider valuable because of what it signals
62
what is satiation?
satisfaction/fullness
63
what is immediacy?
how quickly the response occurs
64
what is contingency?
how reliably the consequence follows the behavior
65
what is strength of stimulus?
how strong the stimulus is
66
if you give something bad to a person, what happens?
their behavior is weakened and won't want to do it again (POSITIVE PUNISHMENT)
67
if you give something good to a person, what happens?
their behavior is strengthened so they most likely will do it again (POSITIVE REINFORCMENT)
68
if you take something bad away from a person, what happens?
their behavior is strengthened so they most likely will do it again (NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT)
69
if you take something good away from a person, what happens?
their behavior is weakened and won't want to do it again (NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT)
70

drugs and behaviors (14 decks)

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