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NBL 355 exam 1 > Lecture 2: Development and Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Development and Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

??? Integrates information and controls body ???

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1
Q

What are the main components of the central nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • retina
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2
Q

In general, what are groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

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3
Q

In general, what are groups of axons in the CNS called?

A

Tracts

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4
Q

What are the main components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

All structures derived from neural crest:

  • cranial nerves (except for I and II)
  • spinal nerves
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5
Q

Cranial nerve

A

A nerve that emerges directly from the brain

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6
Q

Spinal nerve

A

A nerve emerging from a segment of the spinal chord

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7
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • responsible for coordinating body movements and receiving external stimuli
  • regulates activities under conscious control
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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Unconscious control

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Mobilizes body systems during activity (fight or flight)

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10
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • conserves energy

- promotes “housekeeping” functions during rest

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11
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

Connects CNS to limbs and organs

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12
Q

In general, what are groups of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

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13
Q

In general, what are groups of axons in the PNS called?

A

Nerves

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14
Q

What are the two main categories of cells in the central nervous system?

A

Neurons and glia

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15
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurons?

A
  • motor neuron
  • sensory neuron
  • interneuron
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16
Q

What are the main types of glial cells?

A
  • microglia
  • macroglia
    • astrocytes
    • oligodendrocytes
    • epidymal cells
    • radial glia
    • Schwann cells
    • satellite cells
    • enteric glial cells
  • pituicytes
  • tanycytes
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17
Q

Microglia

A

Type of glial cell in CNS that protect neurons (immune function)

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18
Q

Pericytes

A

Glial cells in CNS that help in forming the blood-brain barrier

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19
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Glial cells in the CNS that synthesize cerebral spinal fluid

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • glial cells in the CNS that provide growth and support to neurons
  • astrocyte process unsheathes the synapse
  • astrocyte end-feet wrap around blood vessels
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21
Q

Satellite cells

A

-glial cells in the PNS that provide growth and support to neurons (similar to astrocytes in CNS)

22
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells in the PNS that coat neuronal axons with a myelin sheath

23
Q

Gastrulation

A

Phase in early embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar structure known as the gastrula, which contains the following germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

24
Q

After gastrulation, what are the 8 major phases of brain development?

A

1) neurulation
2) neuronal proliferation
3) neuronal differentiation
4) neuronal migration
5) synapse formation
6) programmed cell death
7) synaptic pruning
8) myelination

25
Q

What phases of brain development occur predominately prenatally?

A
  • neurulation
  • neuronal proliferation
  • neuronal differentiation
  • neuronal migration
  • synapse formation
  • programmed cell death
26
Q

What phases of brain development occur predominately postnatally?

A
  • synaptic pruning

- myelination

27
Q

Which phases of brain development occur both prenatally and postnatally?

A
  • synapse formation
  • programmed cell death
  • synaptic pruning
  • myelination
28
Q

After fertilization, what are the 2 main cell types that develop?

A
  • epiblast

- hypoblast

29
Q

Epiblast

A
  • disc formed by dividing cells after fertilization
  • pluripotent identical cells
  • gives rise to every cell in the embryo
30
Q

Hypoblast

A
  • layer formed by dividing cells after fertilization
  • pluripotent identical cells
  • gives rise to the yolk
31
Q

Why is gastrulation important?

A

??? It forms the three primary germ layers ???

32
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
33
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • germ layer that remains on the surface of the embryo during gastrulation
  • gives rise to the epidermis and associated structures (skin, nails, hair, and teeth) as well as the nervous system
34
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • the middle germ layer formed during gastrulation
  • gives rise to muscle, circulatory system, bones and cartilage, outer covering of internal organs, excretory system, and gonads
35
Q

Endoderm

A
  • germ layer formed during gastrulation
  • gives rises to the inner lining of the digestive system, inner lining of respiratory system, and glands (including liver and pancreas)
36
Q

Neural plate

A
  • ectodermal cells dorsal to the notochord
  • generates cells that give rise to neurons and glia
  • broad rostrally(brain plate) and narrow caudally (spinal chord plate)
37
Q

Notochord

A
  • formed by tissue separating from mesoderm below (ventral to) neural plate
  • tissue close to the notochord region becomes nervous system and tissue farther away becomes epidermis, etc.
38
Q

Neural induction

A
  • the ability of the mesoderm to convert the overlying ectoderm into neural tissue, namely the neural plate and the notochord
  • mesoderm sends out morphogens (chemical messengers) to differentiate cells
39
Q

Neurulation

A

-the folding process in vertebrate embryos that includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube and the formation of the neural crest

40
Q

Neural tube

A
  • product of neurulation
  • is a germinal neuroepithelium, or a single layer of rapidly dividing neural stem cells
  • precursor of all cells in CNS
41
Q

Neural crest

A
  • product of neurulation

- precursor of cells of the PNS

42
Q

What are the main axes that are set up after neurulation?

A
  • rostral/caudal

- ??? More ???

43
Q

Segmentation

A
  • morphological change in neural tube after it closes
  • constrictions subdivide rostral part (brain primordia) first into 3 primary vesicles, then the second division forms 5 secondary vesicles
44
Q

3 primary vesicles

A
  • prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
45
Q

5 secondary vesicles of the neural tube

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
46
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • secondary vesicle formed from the prosencephalon

- gives rise to cerebral cortex, basal ganglia (most, not all), and limbic system (some, not all)

47
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • secondary vesicle formed from the prosencephalon

- gives rise to diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus) and optic nerve

48
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • secondary vesicle of the neural tube that is formed from the primary vesicle of the same name
  • gives rise to brain stem and midbrain
49
Q

Metencephalon

A
  • secondary vesicle of the neural tube formed from the rhombencephalon
  • gives rise to the brain stem, pons, and cerebellum
50
Q

Myelencephalon

A
  • secondary vesicle of the neural tube formed from the rhombencephalon
  • gives rise to the brain stem: medulla oblongata
51
Q

3 major parts of the brain stem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
52
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube give rise to?

A

Brain and spinal cord ventricles

  • lumen of telencephalon: lateral ventricles
  • lumen of diencephalon: third ventricle
  • lumen of mesencephalon: cerebral aqueduct
  • lumens of metencephalon and myelencephalon: forth ventricle
  • lumen of caudal part of neural tube (spinal cord): central canal

NBL 355 exam 1 (10 decks)

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