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NBL 355 exam 1 > Lecture 2: Development and Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Development and Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

??? Integrates information and controls body ???

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1
Q

What are the main components of the central nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • retina
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2
Q

In general, what are groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

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3
Q

In general, what are groups of axons in the CNS called?

A

Tracts

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4
Q

What are the main components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

All structures derived from neural crest:

  • cranial nerves (except for I and II)
  • spinal nerves
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5
Q

Cranial nerve

A

A nerve that emerges directly from the brain

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6
Q

Spinal nerve

A

A nerve emerging from a segment of the spinal chord

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7
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • responsible for coordinating body movements and receiving external stimuli
  • regulates activities under conscious control
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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Unconscious control

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Mobilizes body systems during activity (fight or flight)

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10
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • conserves energy

- promotes “housekeeping” functions during rest

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11
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

Connects CNS to limbs and organs

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12
Q

In general, what are groups of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

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13
Q

In general, what are groups of axons in the PNS called?

A

Nerves

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14
Q

What are the two main categories of cells in the central nervous system?

A

Neurons and glia

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15
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurons?

A
  • motor neuron
  • sensory neuron
  • interneuron
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16
Q

What are the main types of glial cells?

A
  • microglia
  • macroglia
    • astrocytes
    • oligodendrocytes
    • epidymal cells
    • radial glia
    • Schwann cells
    • satellite cells
    • enteric glial cells
  • pituicytes
  • tanycytes
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17
Q

Microglia

A

Type of glial cell in CNS that protect neurons (immune function)

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18
Q

Pericytes

A

Glial cells in CNS that help in forming the blood-brain barrier

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19
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Glial cells in the CNS that synthesize cerebral spinal fluid

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • glial cells in the CNS that provide growth and support to neurons
  • astrocyte process unsheathes the synapse
  • astrocyte end-feet wrap around blood vessels
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21
Q

Satellite cells

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A

-glial cells in the PNS that provide growth and support to neurons (similar to astrocytes in CNS)

22
Q

Schwann cells

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A

Glial cells in the PNS that coat neuronal axons with a myelin sheath

23
Q

Gastrulation

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A

Phase in early embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar structure known as the gastrula, which contains the following germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

24
After gastrulation, what are the 8 major phases of brain development?
1) neurulation 2) neuronal proliferation 3) neuronal differentiation 4) neuronal migration 5) synapse formation 6) programmed cell death 7) synaptic pruning 8) myelination
25
What phases of brain development occur predominately prenatally?
- neurulation - neuronal proliferation - neuronal differentiation - neuronal migration - synapse formation - programmed cell death
26
What phases of brain development occur predominately postnatally?
- synaptic pruning | - myelination
27
Which phases of brain development occur both prenatally and postnatally?
- synapse formation - programmed cell death - synaptic pruning - myelination
28
After fertilization, what are the 2 main cell types that develop?
- epiblast | - hypoblast
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Epiblast
- disc formed by dividing cells after fertilization - pluripotent identical cells - gives rise to every cell in the embryo
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Hypoblast
- layer formed by dividing cells after fertilization - pluripotent identical cells - gives rise to the yolk
31
Why is gastrulation important?
??? It forms the three primary germ layers ???
32
What are the 3 primary germ layers?
- ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm
33
Ectoderm
- germ layer that remains on the surface of the embryo during gastrulation - gives rise to the epidermis and associated structures (skin, nails, hair, and teeth) as well as the nervous system
34
Mesoderm
- the middle germ layer formed during gastrulation - gives rise to muscle, circulatory system, bones and cartilage, outer covering of internal organs, excretory system, and gonads
35
Endoderm
- germ layer formed during gastrulation - gives rises to the inner lining of the digestive system, inner lining of respiratory system, and glands (including liver and pancreas)
36
Neural plate
- ectodermal cells dorsal to the notochord - generates cells that give rise to neurons and glia - broad rostrally(brain plate) and narrow caudally (spinal chord plate)
37
Notochord
- formed by tissue separating from mesoderm below (ventral to) neural plate - tissue close to the notochord region becomes nervous system and tissue farther away becomes epidermis, etc.
38
Neural induction
- the ability of the mesoderm to convert the overlying ectoderm into neural tissue, namely the neural plate and the notochord - mesoderm sends out morphogens (chemical messengers) to differentiate cells
39
Neurulation
-the folding process in vertebrate embryos that includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube and the formation of the neural crest
40
Neural tube
- product of neurulation - is a germinal neuroepithelium, or a single layer of rapidly dividing neural stem cells - precursor of all cells in CNS
41
Neural crest
- product of neurulation | - precursor of cells of the PNS
42
What are the main axes that are set up after neurulation?
- rostral/caudal | - ??? More ???
43
Segmentation
- morphological change in neural tube after it closes - constrictions subdivide rostral part (brain primordia) first into 3 primary vesicles, then the second division forms 5 secondary vesicles
44
3 primary vesicles
- prosencephalon (forebrain) - mesencephalon (midbrain) - rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
45
5 secondary vesicles of the neural tube
- telencephalon - diencephalon - mesencephalon - metencephalon - myelencephalon
46
Telencephalon
- secondary vesicle formed from the prosencephalon | - gives rise to cerebral cortex, basal ganglia (most, not all), and limbic system (some, not all)
47
Diencephalon
- secondary vesicle formed from the prosencephalon | - gives rise to diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus) and optic nerve
48
Mesencephalon
- secondary vesicle of the neural tube that is formed from the primary vesicle of the same name - gives rise to brain stem and midbrain
49
Metencephalon
- secondary vesicle of the neural tube formed from the rhombencephalon - gives rise to the brain stem, pons, and cerebellum
50
Myelencephalon
- secondary vesicle of the neural tube formed from the rhombencephalon - gives rise to the brain stem: medulla oblongata
51
3 major parts of the brain stem
- midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata
52
What does the lumen of the neural tube give rise to?
Brain and spinal cord ventricles - lumen of telencephalon: lateral ventricles - lumen of diencephalon: third ventricle - lumen of mesencephalon: cerebral aqueduct - lumens of metencephalon and myelencephalon: forth ventricle - lumen of caudal part of neural tube (spinal cord): central canal

NBL 355 exam 1 (10 decks)

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