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Group Craniofacial Histology > Lecture 2 Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are Connective Tissues (CT) suspended in?

A

In an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM)

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2
Q

T/F CT stores and transports nutrients, as well as transports water, gases, waste and hormones.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the four types of CT?

A

Embryonic CT
CT Proper
Specializing CT
Supporting CT

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4
Q

Embryonic CT includes what kinds of tissues?

A
  1. Mesenchymal

2. Mucous

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5
Q

CT proper includes what tissues?

A
  1. Loose (areolar)
  2. Dense Regular and Dense Irregular
  3. Reticular
  4. Elastic
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6
Q

What are two common examples of Specialized CT?

A

Adipose and Hematopoietic

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7
Q

How many types of Adipose tissue are there?

A

Two, the Unilocular and Multilocular

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8
Q

What color is the unilocular adipose tissue associated with? Multilocular adipose?

A
  1. Yellow or White

2. Brown

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9
Q

What type of adipose tissue is non-existent or rare in adults?

A

Multilocular (Brown)

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10
Q

Bone and cartilage are considered what type of CT?

A

Supporting CT

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11
Q

What are the three types of cartilage that are part of supportive CT?

A

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

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12
Q

What embryonic cells are all CTs derived from?

A

Embryonic mesenchymal cells

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13
Q

What is the most abundant CT cell?

A

Fibroblast

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14
Q

What do fibroblasts produce in the CT?

A

Fibers and ground substance

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15
Q

How are fibroblasts shaped?

A

Spindle-shaped cells (thick in the middle and tapered at the ends)

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16
Q

What cells store triglycerides?

A

Adipocytes

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17
Q

What do chondroblasts become as they produce cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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18
Q

What do osteoblasts produce? What cells do these cells become when mature?

A

Bone. Osteocytes

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19
Q

What phagocytotic white blood cell is derived from monocytes? Where do monocytes come from?

A

Macrophages. Blood

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20
Q

Which cells in the CT contain granules of enzymes and inflammatory chemicals including histamine, heparin and attractants for WBCs?

A

Mast cells

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21
Q

What is the ECM of the CT composed of?

A
  1. Extracellular tissue fluid (mostly water akin to blood plasma).
  2. Protein Fibers
  3. Ground Substance
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22
Q

What are the three main protein fibers of the ECM?

A

Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, and Elastic fibers

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23
Q

How is tropocollagen related to collagen fibers?

A

All collagen fibers are composed of variations of this protein

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24
Q

Where are collagen fibers abundant?

A

Tendons, ligaments, dermis of the skin, teeth, PDL

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25
Q

Are reticular fibers a type of collagen fiber?

A

Yes, type III collagen fiber that is thin and branched

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26
Q

With what fibers do reticular fibers form an interconnected network?

A

Glycoprotein fibers

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27
Q

Where are reticular fibers located? What metal can stain them darkly?

A

Distensible or spongy tissues such as walls of blood vessels, skin, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Silver

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28
Q

What protein are elastic fibers made of?

A

Elastin

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29
Q

How much can elastic fibers stretch?

A

they can stretch 150%

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30
Q

Skin, lungs, and arteries rely on which fiber to be able to stretch and recoil?

A

Elastic fibers

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31
Q

Which type of collagen is most abundant in the human body? Where is it found?

A

Type I. Dermis, bone, organ capsules, fibrocartilage, dentin, cementum, tendons, ligaments and scar tissue

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32
Q

Which type of collagen is important in bone development through endonchondral ossification?

A

Type X

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33
Q

Which two types of collagen are associated with hyalin cartilage? Which type is also associated with elastic cartilage?

A

Type II and Type IX. Type II is also associated with elastic cartilage.

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34
Q

What kind of matrix is produced by bone cells and form lamellae of matrix around canals containing neurovascular bundles?

A

Calcified matrix

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35
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

compact and spongy

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36
Q

Which type of bone is dense, heavily mineralized extracellular matrix?

A

compact bone

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37
Q

Which type of bone has cells and matrix that surround vessels in long bones?

A

compact bone

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38
Q

What are the other two names of spongy bone?

A

trabecular and cancellous

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39
Q

Which type of bone is delicate struts of bone and fills heads of long bones?

A

spongy bone

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40
Q

Which type of bone provides physical support for leverage during muscle contraction?

A

compact bone

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41
Q

Which type of bone stores minerals calcium and phosphorus?

A

compact bone

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42
Q

Which type of bone forms under periosteum?

A

compact bone

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43
Q

Which type of bone fills the ends of long bones and supports marrow?

A

spongy bone

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44
Q

What kind of cells are found in fibrocartilage and are arranged in rows in a matrix containing coarse, parallel type I collagen fibers mixed with type II collagen?

A

Chondrocytes

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45
Q

What is the Andy Larkin mnemonic for remembering the main characteristics of the first 10 types of collagen?

A

A Captain Rarely Brags.
Ports Involving Boat Anchors Cause 2 Hammer Head Mating Cycles.
Type 1: A (most Abundant)
Type 2: Captain (Cartilage, both hyaline and elastic)
Type 3: Rarely (Reticular fibers)
Type 4: Brags (Basal lamina)
Type 5: Ports (Placenta)
Type 6: Involving (Interstitial - acts as a filler - and associate with Type 1/I)
Type 7: Boat Anchors (Basal lamina, Anchoring fibrils)
Type 8: Cause (Cornea)
Type 9: 2 Hammer (associate with Type 2, Hyaline)
Type 10: Head Mating Cycles (Hypertropic & Mineralizing Cartilage)

Credit: Andy Larkin

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46
Q

Which collagen type does not form visible fibers but is instead a gelatinous part of the basal lamina and endothelia?

A

Type IV

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47
Q

Which collagen type forms anchoring fibrils of the basal lamina?

A

Type VII

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48
Q

Which collagen is abundant in the cornea of the eye? What is the membrane that it forms?

A

Type VIII. Descement’s membrane

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49
Q

Which type of collagen is a fetal membrane protein?

50
Q

Which type is located in most interstitial tissue and is associated with type I collagen?

51
Q

What is preprocollagen?

A

Alpha chains in the Rough ER

52
Q

Which Vitamin modifies preprocollagen alpha chains into a triple helix molecule of procollagen?

53
Q

How are the triple helices of procollagen released from fibroblasts?

A

Via exocytosis

54
Q

T/F Extracellular enzymes (procollagen peptidase) remove the non-helical end strands and the remaining part is called the tropocollagen that self assembles into long, banded collagen fibers.

55
Q

T/F The formation of collagen proceeds in the following sequence: Fibroblasts release preprocollagen –> procollagen –> tropocollagen

56
Q

What disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin C? What are the consequences of this disease?

A

Scurvy. Weakness, anemia, bruising, bleeding gums and loose teeth

57
Q

Why would scurvy loosen teeth?

A

Due to Vitamin C deficiency, the fibroblasts don’t have the right enzymes to link the preprocollagen into the procollagen triple helix, which is essential for PDL fibers to hold teeth in their sockets

58
Q

What 3 classes of large molecules are found in ground substance?

A

GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
proteoglycans
glycoproteins

59
Q

GAGs are polymers of repeating ____________.

A

disaccharides

60
Q

How do GAGs and proteoglycans “hold” water?

A

They integrate cations like Na+ which loosely binds water.

61
Q

What looks like a bottlebrush, is made from glycosaminoglycans, and has a protein core?

A

Proteoglycans

62
Q

What are the smallest bristle structures in a proteoglycan aggregate?

63
Q

What can bind ECM ground substance to integrin proteins?

A

Glycoproteins

64
Q

Which type of cartilage provides flexible, resilient support?

A

elastic cartilage

65
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in core of external ear and epiglottis which are yellow tissues before staining?

A

elastic cartilage

66
Q

What is the name of the fibrous capsule that covers a clear, glassy extracellular matrix dispersed with type II collagen fibers?

A

perichondrium

67
Q

How are chondrocytes within lacunae of hyaline cartilage arranged?

A

in clusters

68
Q

Which type of cartilage covers the ends of bones at synovial joints plus the sternal ends of ribs and is the supportive material in nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi?

A

hyaline cartilage

69
Q

What are the two supporting connective tissues called?

A

cartilage and bone

70
Q

Which cartilage(s) are avascular? Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and/or fibrocartilage?

A

All of them are avascular, but fibrocartilage can have some vessels

71
Q

Which cartilage(s) are around the perichondrium? Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and/or fibrocartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage (except over articular surfaces) and elastic cartilage

72
Q

What kind of cells are found in the lacunae of hyaline cartilage?

A

chondrocytes

73
Q

What kind of cells are found in the lacunae of elastic cartilage?

A

chondrocytes

74
Q

What kind of cells are found in the lacunae of fibrocartilage?

A

fibroblasts plus chondrocytes forming short columns

75
Q

What are the matrix protein fibers found in hyaline cartilage?

A

type II collagen

76
Q

What are the matrix protein fibers found in elastic cartilage?

A

type II collagen and elastic fibers

77
Q

What are the matrix protein fibers found in fibrocartilage?

A

type I collagen and type II collagen

78
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in the embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilages, respiratory cartilages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)?

A

hyaline cartilage

79
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in external ear, epiglottis, part of the auditory tube?

A

elastic cartilage

80
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in intervertebral discs, articular disks of knees, sternoclavicular joints, pubic symphysis, temporomandibular joints?

A

fibrocartilage

81
Q

What is the supportive connective tissue with a rubbery matrix called?

82
Q

What is the fibrous vascular membrane that surrounds cartilage called?

A

perichondrium

83
Q

What is the name of the cells that are derived from perichondrium and produce extracellular matrix?

A

chondroblasts

84
Q

What are chondroblasts called when they are surrounded by matrix?

A

chondrocytes

85
Q

Since cartilage is avascular, how does it get its nutrients and remove its waste?

A

chondrocytes rely on diffusion from the perichondrium

86
Q

Why does injured cartilage heals slowly if at all?

A

poor nutrient supply

87
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

88
Q

What are the two supporting connective tissues called?

A

cartilage and bone

89
Q

What are the formed elements in hematopoietic connective tissue (blood)?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

90
Q

What are the non-formed elements in hematopoietic connective tissue (blood)?

91
Q

What are the cells of brown adipose tissue called?

A

multilocular adipocytes

92
Q

How are multilocular adipose thermogenic?

A

They have many mitochondria and small droplets of fat and they produce hear by breaking down stored fat. Heat is transferred to the blood through abundant capillaries.

93
Q

What type of adipose tissue is abundant in human babies and in other animals like bears that hibernate in winter?

A

multilocular adipose

94
Q

What is the primary cell type in white fat?

A

unilocular adipocytes (yellow fat)

95
Q

What type of adipose tissue are large, empty-looking cells with the nucleus pressed against cell membrane?

A

unilocular adipocytes

96
Q

What type of adipose tissue has the shape of a “signet ring”?

A

unilocular adipocytes

97
Q

What type of adipose tissue is used for energy storage, thermal insulation, and for cushioning other tissues?

A

unilocular adipocytes

98
Q

What type of adipose tissue is found in hypodermis and surrounding various organs?

A

unilocular adipocytes

99
Q

What are the two types of specialized connective tissue?

A

adipose and hematopoietic

100
Q

What is the consistency of mesenchymal CT of a fetus?

A

A semi-fluid ground substance with thin reticular fibers

101
Q

What is the shape of mesenchymal cells?

A

Fusiform - tapered at both ends; spindle shaped

102
Q

Besides having a relatively abundant number of mesenchymal cells, the mesenchymal CT also has many _______ vessels.

103
Q

Mesenchymal CT of the fetus is very _______ and _______

A

immature; cellular

104
Q

What is the name of the syndrome of people with hyperelasticity of the skin?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

105
Q

Why can people with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome stretch their skin much further than normal skin?

A

Because of defective collagen synthesis and insufficient collagen fibers to limit stretch

106
Q

What is the condition that causes skin to be easily bruised, heal poorly, and joints are unusually flexible?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

107
Q

What type of fibers are thin, unbranched and stain darkly with solution of metals?

A

elastic fibers

108
Q

What type of fibers are usually mixed with coarse, pink stained collagen fibers?

A

elastic fibers

109
Q

What type of cells produce elastic fibers and collagen fibers?

A

fibroblasts

110
Q

Where is Wharton’s Jelly and what is it?

A

Umbilical cord

Mucous connective tissue

111
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found?

A

Under epithelia

Mesentery of digestive tract

112
Q

How do Mast Cells “dilute” an area of infection?

A

They release histamine (a vasodilator)

113
Q

Dense Regular CT is primarily composed of what type of collagen?

114
Q

The Achilles Tendon is a good example of what type of CT?

A

Dense Regular

achilles is highly regular, densely packed, and parallel

115
Q

What is an advantage to Dense Irregular CT?

A

Withstands forces coming from multiple directions.

skin of palm

116
Q

What does “Reticular” mean?

117
Q

Where is reticular tissue found and what type of collagen is it made from?

A

In spongy CT (like liver, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow)
Type III collagen

118
Q

What produces elastin?

A

Fibroblasts

119
Q

What is the natural color of elastin?

120
Q

Where are elastic fibers found?

A

Dermis, arterial walls, external ear, lungs.

121
Q

T/F GAGs are polymers of repeating disaccharides composed of monosaccharides including glucosamine, galactose, galactosamine.

Group Craniofacial Histology (9 decks)

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