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Group Craniofacial Histology > 514-1 > Flashcards

514-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name four appendages or “derivatives” of skin.

A

Hair, nails, sweat glands (eccrine), and sebaceous glands.

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2
Q

T/F

All four main classes of tissue are found in the integumentary system.

A

True

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3
Q

T/F

Dermatology is the study and treatment of the epidermis.

A

False.

It is the study and treatment of the entire integumentary system.

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4
Q

What are the two main functions of skin as a barrier?

A

Prevent things coming in.

Prevent things going out (especially water).

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5
Q

How does skin use UV light in Vitamin D3 production?

A

UV changed a cholesterol-type molecule into cholecalciferol, which is converted to calcitrol (a hormone) in the liver and kidney.

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6
Q

What does calcitrol do?

A

A hormone that absorbs phosphorus and calcium from the digestive tract.

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7
Q

What waste product is exuded through the skin?

A

Urea

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8
Q

What neural structure is responsible for the regulation of sweat secretions?

A

The hypothalamus.

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9
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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10
Q 
How thick (in mm) is thin and and thick skin?
Where is it found?
A

Thin: 1-2mm and found over most of the body
Thick: up to 6mm. Found on the palms and soles.

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11
Q

What are the 2 main protective components to the epidermis?

A

Keratin and lipids.

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12
Q

The dermis has connective tissue that can be described as _______ and ______?

A

Loose. Dense-irregular.

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13
Q

T/F

The dermis is avascular and innervated.

A

False.

Dermis is highly vascular and innervated.

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14
Q

What is a good sign you’ve hit hypodermis with an incision?

A

You see adipose tissue.

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15
Q

The basement membrane defines the border between what two layers of the integument?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

the membrane is on the basal side of the basal cells

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16
Q

Name four main components in the epidermal epithelium.

A

Keratinocytes (most numerous)
Melanocytes
dendritic Langerhan’s cells (immune patrol)
Merkel cells (sensory)

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17
Q

What is the function of rete ridges?

A

Resist shearing forces.

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18
Q

What is the term for the dermal interdigitations with rete rigdes?

A

Dermal Papillae

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19
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis.

A 
Stratum Corneum       
Stratum Lucida
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale                 Cute Little Girls Sing Badly
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20
Q

What are 2 other names for the Stratum Basale?

A

Germinatavum or Basal Cell Layer

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21
Q

What is the most mitotically active layer in the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale

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22
Q

What type of collagen is the basement membrane made out of?

A

Type IV

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23
Q

What are the three main types of cells in the Stratum Basale?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells (sensory)

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24
Q

What cell dominates the landscape of Stratum Spinosum?

A

Keratinocytes (slowly maturing)

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25
Q

Why does the Stratum Spinosum appear “spiny”

A

An artifact of histologic preparation (fixing, etc.)

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26
Q

Do Dendritic cells in the Stratum Spinosum have desmosomes?

A

No. They need to be mobile to seek out pathogens.

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27
Q

From where are dendritic cells derived?

A

Bone Marrow

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28
Q

What junction binds keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

A

Desmosomes

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29
Q

What is the general class of proteins making up a cell junction in a Desmosome?

A

Cadherins

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30
Q

What is the function of cell processes in dendritic cells?

A

Antigen seeking.

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31
Q

What’s a good indication you’re looking at a dentritic cell?

A

Characteristic indented nucleus.

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32
Q

There are small granules on the exterior of dendritic cells of unknown function. What are they called?

A

Birbeck cells

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33
Q

Does keratin waterproof the skin?

A

No. Lipids do.

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34
Q

Why does the stratum granulosum stain darkly?

A

Increasing protein content (of keratin/keratin precursors including keratohyalin)

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35
Q

What do keratinocytes secrete through exocytosis in the granular layer?

A

glycolipids.

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36
Q

What are the dark staining granules in the stratum granulosum?

A

Condensing keratin.

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37
Q

What are the lipid-containing bodies called that discharge into the intercellular space in the granular layer?

A

Lamellar bodies.

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38
Q

Where is stratum lucidum best seen?

A

Thick skin

this makes the layers of maturation/degradation more visible

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39
Q

Do cells in the stratum lucidum contain nuclei?

A

Typically no

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40
Q

How many layers of cells can be in the stratum corneum?

A

Up to 30 layers.

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41
Q

How long does it take for a keratinocyte to go from the base layer to exfoliation in the stratum corneum?

A

15-30 days

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42
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

a type of hyperplasia in which the basal cells produce keratinocytes too rapidly.
this is caused by an invasion of neutrophils into the epidermis

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43
Q

With psoriasis, how many days does it take for a keratinocyte to travel from the bottom to the top of the epidermis?

A

7 days

44
Q

In the cell, what to keratin granules condense on to?

A

The cytoskeleton.

45
Q

In what layer of the epidermis do the lamillar bodies first appear?

A

Stratum Spinosum

46
Q

In what layer of epidermis does the keratinocyte produce many intermediate filaments onto which keratohyalin condenses?

A

Stratum granulosum

47
Q

What type of response is pruning?

A

Autonomic blood vessel restriction

48
Q

What is pemphigus, and what two epidermal layers does it affect?

A

autoimmune disease
causes blistering of the skin in the stratum spinosum
detaches degrades the desmosomes attaching the basal cells to the basement membrane.

49
Q

What are the three “immigrant” cells of the epidermis?

A

Merkel’s cells
Melanocytes
dendritic Langerhan’s cells

50
Q

Where are the melanocytes derived from embryologically?

A

Neural crest cells

51
Q

What do melanocytes inject into surrounding cells?

A

Melanosomes.

52
Q

How many cells can one melanocyte inject?

A

Up to 36 (maybe more)

  • in normal tissue the melanocyte stays put and injects the cells moving up around it.
53
Q

What is the reverse-exocytosis process of melanocyte injection called?

A

cytocrine injection

54
Q

Does the number of melanocytes differ greatly between people with light and dark skin pigmentation?

A

No. Melanocyte number is about the same. Melanin production and chemistry varies.

55
Q

What color is eumelanin and what is it made of?

A

Black.

Pure tyrosine polymer.

56
Q

What is the mixed polymer of tyrosine and cysteine called?

A

phaeomelanin

57
Q

What is the key enzyme in the production of melanin?

A

Tyrosinase.

58
Q

Relate the following skin conditions to color:

Cyanosis, Erythema, Jaundice, Addison’s Disease

A

Blue, Red, Yellow, Bronzing (too much Acth)

59
Q

What skin condition is associated with a very low incidence of skin cancer?

A

Vitiligo

60
Q

What are some signs of vitiligo?

A

Bilaterally expressed patterned albinism

thought to be auto-immune

61
Q

What are the 3 kinds of hemangiomas?

A

Normal (caused by benign capillary tumors) - can be lasered
Strawberry - disappear with age
Port Wine - last for life

62
Q

What do you call an aggregation of melanocytes on the skin?

A

A freckle.

63
Q

When are friction ridges (fingerprints) formed?

A

In utero

64
Q

When are flexion creases formed?

A

After birth.

65
Q

Where is the Meissner’s corpuscle found and what does it sense?

A

Dermal papillae

Tactile receptor

66
Q

What are Meissner’s copuscles composed of and where are they commonly found?

A

Nerve ending wrapped with connective tissue (fibrous capsule)

Abundant in vermillion zone of lip

67
Q

What is the high resolution tactile receptor in the epidermis?

A

Merkel Cell

68
Q

Where are Merkel cells found and where are they derived from?

A

Found in Basal layer (attach to keratinocyes via desmosomes)
Derived from neural crest cells

69
Q

Describe Merkel cell innervation

A

Cells secrete neurotransmitters to a disk connected to free nerve endings.

70
Q

What do free nerve endings respond to?

A

Pain and temperature.

71
Q

What is the function of pacinian corpuscle membranes?

A

Increases the sensory field.

72
Q

What is the sensory difference between Pacinian and Ruffini’s corpuscles?

A

Pacinian - pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration

Ruffini’s - displacement of collagen fibers

73
Q

Which nerve ending is attached to a hair follicle?

A

Peritrichal

74
Q

Re-Cap: Name 5 sensory receptors in the skin.

A

Meissner’s corpuscle, Merkel Cell, Free nerve endings, Pacinian/Ruffini’s, and Peritrichal

75
Q

Name 2 layers of the Dermis

A 
Papillary layer (dermal papillae)
Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
76
Q

What is adipose in the hypodermis called?

A

subcutaneous fat

77
Q

What makes hair and nails tougher than regular keratin?

A

Disulfide bridges.

78
Q

What is the fine fetal hair called?

A

Lanugo

79
Q

What is unpigmented hair of children (and adults) called?

A

Vellus

80
Q

T/F

The hair follicle is a dermal structure.

A

False.

This is an epidermal structure and the stratum basale can be traced all the way around it.

81
Q

What is the autonomic muscle on a hair follicle called?

A

Arrector pilli (piloerector muscle)

82
Q

What does the hair follicle refer to?

A

The infolding of skin surrounding the hair

83
Q

From bottom to top, name four hair structures

A

Dermal papillae, bulb, root, shaft

84
Q

What are the 3 layers of the hair shaft?

A

Cuticle
Cortex
medulla

85
Q

What stains dark in the hair bulb?

A

Melanocytes

86
Q

The epithelial root sheath (of a hair root) is composed of what?

A

Inner and outer root sheath

87
Q

Where is the neurovascular supply for the hair located?

A

Dermal Papillae

88
Q

What separates the epithelial root sheath from the hair?

A

Basement membrane.

89
Q

What are the 3 stages of the hair growth cycle?

A 
Growth Stage (6-8 years)
Shrinking Stage (2-3 weeks -catagen)
Resting Stage (1-3 months - telogen)
90
Q

Describe Alopecia

A

Immune response attacking follicles causing hair loss

91
Q

What is the term for excessive hair growth usually caused by a hormone imbalance?

A

Hirsutism

92
Q

What’s another name for the nail cuticle?

A

Eponychium

93
Q

What is the epithelium of the nail bed called?

A

hyponychium

94
Q

What is the mitotic area of the nail and where is it?

A

Nail Matrix

Proximal end of the nail

95
Q

What’s the difference between and apocrine and eccrine gland?

A

Eccrine is sweat gland on the surface

Apocrine is sweat gland in the hair follicle

96
Q

When do apocrine glands appear in the body and what to they respond to?

A

puberty

stress or excitement

97
Q

What’s another name for body odor?

A

Bromhidrosis

98
Q

What are the glands found in the external auditory meatus called?

A

Ceruminous glands

99
Q

From what cell does the most serious skin cancer originate?

A

Melanocyte (melanoma)

100
Q

Cancer originating from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum is called?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

101
Q

Cancer arising from the stratum basale is called?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

102
Q

Relate burn degree to depth.

A

1st degree - epidermis
2nd degree - dermis
3rd degree - hypodermis

103
Q

Why is melanin found in the inner ear?

A

Anti- free radical activity

104
Q

What are some components to wound healing?

A

Fibrin clot, macrophages, neutrophils, platelet plug

This is followed by epidermal enclosure under the scab

105
Q

When are skin grafts necessary?

A

When there are insufficient keratinocytes to repopulate skin.

106
Q

Human skin is known as the

A

Integument

Group Craniofacial Histology (9 decks)

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