Lecture 2: Chemical Properties (Chapter 2) Flashcards
What is the smallest unit of matter which can partake in a chemical reaction?
Atom
An ________ is composed of one type of atom
element
A __________ is formed when 2 or more atoms join together
molecule
`An atom that looses an electron will have a _____ _____ _____
net positive charge
When an atom gains an electron it will have a ___ ________ ______
net negative charge
When an atom has an overall positive or an overall negative charge it is no longer neutral and is referred to as an ______
ion
_____ _____form in between atoms when electrons in their outer shells interact with one another
Chemical bonds
Every atom wants to achieve chemical stability and they do this by filling their outermost shell with _____
electrons
Atoms achieve a full complement of how many electrons to form molecules?
8
What are the three kinds of chemical bonds found in living organisms?
covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds
_____ bonds are very strong bonds
Covalent
_____ bonds are formed when two atoms come together and share electrons within their outer shell
Covalent
Water is formed as a result of _____ bonds in between Hydrogen and Oxygen
Covalent
_____ bonds form as a result of the attractive force in between ions of opposite charge
Ionic
Which bonds are weaker; ionic or covalent?
Ionic
Attractive force holds the two atoms together in a(n) _____ bond
Ionic
_____ bonds form when Hydrogen is covalently bound to oxygen or another electron loving molecule such as nitrogen
Hydrogen
molecules that contain unequal sharing of electrons are _____ _____
Polar molecules
Which is the weakest of the three bonds?
Hydrogen
_____ bonds result in networks of molecules of different molecules
Hydrogen
Organic compounds are compounds which contain _____
Carbon
Inorganic compounds are compounds which do not contain _____
Carbon
The most important inorganic molecule found in living systems is _____
water
_____ is an Excellent Solvent
Water
the ions (Na+, Cl-) remain dissolved in the water and form a _____
solution
Every water molecule can form _____ Hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
four
Water is a great _____ _____ because of its strong hydrogen bonds
temperature buffer
Water is easily split into its component ions ___ and ___
H+, OH-
The four outer electrons of Carbon allow it to form four _____ bonds with a large number of different atoms
four
name four major classes of organic compounds found in living thing
1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Lipids
4) Nucleic Acids
__________ are an energy source that is immediately utilizable by cells
Carbohydrates
_____ are polar compounds, therefore they dissolve in water
Carbohydrates
All _____ contain the elements C, H and O (usually in a C1H2O1 ratio)
Carbohydrates
Name the three types of carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides
mono=1, saccharide-sugar
2)Disaccharides
di=2
3)Polysaccharides (often non soluble)
poly-many
The ____ group includes fats, complex lipids (phospholipids) and steroids
Lipids
_____ are used as a means of energy storage
lipids
_____ are essential to the structure and function of membranes
lipids
_____ are non-polar therefore they don’t interact with water because they are hydrophobic (water hating)
lipids
____ are composed of a glycerol molecule plus one to three fatty acids
fats
Monoacylglycerides are?
glycerol plus one fatty acid
Diacylglycerides are?
glycerol plus two fatty acids
Triacylglycerides are?
glycerol plus three fatty acids
Fatty acids can either be _____ or _____.
Saturated, unsaturated
Saturated:No double bonds, saturated with hydrogen atoms
unsaturated: Has at least one double bond, fewer hydrogen atoms
_____ are found in membranes of living cells and are the primary component of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic plasma membranes
Phospholipids
What are phospholipids?
Lipids that include glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
These lipids are structurally distinct from other lipids and have a four ring structure
steroids
Cholesterol and vitamin d are examples of _____
steroids
_____ are composed of individual units called amino acids
Proteins
All amino acids and thus protein are composed of _____, _____, _____._____(some also have sulfur)
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
Each amino acid has on _____ group (NH2), a _____ group (COOH) and a _____ group (-R) which is different on each amino acid
amino (NH2), carboxyl (COOH), side (-R)
The side group –R determines the _____ _____ of the amino acid
chemical properties
The individual amino acids are joined together by _____ _____ which are covalent bonds
peptide bonds
Short chains of amino acids are called _____
peptides
Long chains of amino acids are called _____ which are proteins
polypeptides
The specific amino acid sequence is important in determining the _____ of the protein
shape
_____ _____ are made up of nucleotides
Nucleic acids
what are the three components of nucleotides?
1) Nitrogenous Base:
i) Purines
ii) Pyrimidines
2) Pentose Sugar
3) Phosphate Group
Purines contain 2 rings and have two types. What are they?
Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines contain 1 ring and have three types, what are they?
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Ribose and deoxyribose
DNA or RNA: composed of deoxyribose sugar
DNA
DNA or RNA: composed of ribose sugar
RNA
DNA or RNA: doubled stranded with each strand
held together by hydrogen bonds
DNA
DNA or RNA: single stranded
RNA
DNA or RNA: forms a double helix
DNA
DNA or RNA: is what genes are composed of
DNA
DNA or RNA: involved in communicating the
instructions of the other
RNA
DNA or RNA: The order of the nucleotide sequence
is very specific and forming the genetic instructions for the organism
DNA
DNA or RNA: made of nucleotides A, C, T, G
DNA
DNA or RNA: made of nucleotides A, C, U, G
RNA
