Lecture 1: Intro to MBIO (Chapter 1)

Question 1

Bacteria Characteristics

Answer 1

lack a membrane bound nucleus; single circular chromosome

Question 2

Example of Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Bacteria

Question 3

Example of Eukaryotes (2)

Answer 3

Protozoa, Fungi

Question 4

Def. of Viruses

Answer 4

acellular requiring a living host cell to reproduce

Question 5

What are Archea?

Answer 5

bacteria able to live in adverse environmental conditions (high salt concentrations, high temperatures and acidic environments)

Question 6

Eukaryotes Characteristics

Answer 6

contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 7

Binomial System of Nomenclature description

Answer 7

genus name followed by species name

Question 8

Binomial System of Nomenclature: Which is the genus name in ex. Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 8

In Staphylococcus aureus, the genus name is Staphylococcus (first)

Question 9

Binomial System of Nomenclature: Which is the species name in ex. Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 9

In Staphylococcus aureus, the species name is aureus (second)

Question 10

How many species can exits within a genus?

Answer 10

Many can.

Question 11

The genus and species of the bacterium must be ________ or _______.

Answer 11

italicized or underlined

Question 12

Another way to write bacterium for Staphylococcus aureus.

Answer 12

S. aureus

Question 13

How are microorganisms important to clinical practice?

Answer 13

produce antibodics

Question 14

How are microorganisms important to human bodies?

Answer 14

Normal bacteria within the human body prevent the growth of harmful bacteria

Question 15

How are microorganisms important to the food industry?

Answer 15

Used for fermentation (beer, wine, yogurt)

Question 16

Microorganisms are important to degrade _____ _____ and for atmospheric _____ _____ in plants.

Answer 16

organic material, nitrogen fixation.

Question 17

Spontaneous Generation: food left for long periods of time will eventually ______

Answer 17

spoil

Question 18

Spontaneous Generation: Microscopic examination reveals that the _____ food is crawling with _____.

Answer 18

spoiled, bacteria

Question 19

This theory notes that bacteria arise spontaneously from non-living matter

Answer 19

Spontaneous Generation

Question 20

Which theory did Louis Pasteur reject

Answer 20

Spontaneous Generation

Question 21

What is Biogenesis

Answer 21

The hypothesis that living matter arises only from pre-existing living matter; it is the theory that is currently accepted.

Question 22

what is fermentation?

Answer 22

a process where yeast converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

Question 23

What is pasteurization

Answer 23

heat the milk/beer/wine which would kill all of the bacteria present and prevent spoilage

Question 24

What is germ theory disease?

Answer 24

the belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease, on the basis that microbes alter the chemical and physical nature of organic material

Question 25

Who developed the germ theory of disease and when?

Answer 25

Robert Koch 1881

Question 26

What are Koch’s Postulates? (5)

Answer 26

1: Microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal.
2a. The microorganisms are grown in pure culture.
2b. The microorganisms are identified.
3. The microorganisms are injected into a healthy lab animal.
4. The disease is reproduced in a laboratory animal; microorganisms are isolated from this animal.
5a. The microorganisms are grown in pure culture.
5b. Identical microorganisms are identified.

Question 27

who developed the small Small pox vaccine and when?

Answer 27

Edward Jenner 1798

based on people previously infected with cow pox were immune to cow pox

Question 28

Who developed the idea of selective toxicity and when?

Answer 28

Paul Ehrlich 1908

Question 29

What is selective toxicity?

Answer 29

The ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed

Question 30

Which was the first anti-microbial discovered and who discovered it?

Answer 30

Paul Ehrlich discovered the first effective anti-microbial Salvarsan which was useful to cure syphilis without damaging host cells

Question 31

Who discovered penicillin and when?

Answer 31

Alexander Fleming in 1929

Question 32

Who first used microscope to see and describe individual cells?

Answer 32

Robert Hooke 1665

Question 33

Who used the microscope to view live microbes called animalcules and when?

Answer 33

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1684

Question 34

Who used the swan neck flask experiment to disprove Spontaneous Generation and when?

Answer 34

Louis Pasteur 1864