Lecture 1: Intro to MBIO (Chapter 1) Flashcards
Bacteria Characteristics
lack a membrane bound nucleus; single circular chromosome
Example of Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Example of Eukaryotes (2)
Protozoa, Fungi
Def. of Viruses
acellular requiring a living host cell to reproduce
What are Archea?
bacteria able to live in adverse environmental conditions (high salt concentrations, high temperatures and acidic environments)
Eukaryotes Characteristics
contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Binomial System of Nomenclature description
genus name followed by species name
Binomial System of Nomenclature: Which is the genus name in ex. Staphylococcus aureus?
In Staphylococcus aureus, the genus name is Staphylococcus (first)
Binomial System of Nomenclature: Which is the species name in ex. Staphylococcus aureus?
In Staphylococcus aureus, the species name is aureus (second)
How many species can exits within a genus?
Many can.
The genus and species of the bacterium must be ________ or _______.
italicized or underlined
Another way to write bacterium for Staphylococcus aureus.
S. aureus
How are microorganisms important to clinical practice?
produce antibodics
How are microorganisms important to human bodies?
Normal bacteria within the human body prevent the growth of harmful bacteria
How are microorganisms important to the food industry?
Used for fermentation (beer, wine, yogurt)
Microorganisms are important to degrade _____ _____ and for atmospheric _____ _____ in plants.
organic material, nitrogen fixation.
Spontaneous Generation: food left for long periods of time will eventually ______
spoil
Spontaneous Generation: Microscopic examination reveals that the _____ food is crawling with _____.
spoiled, bacteria
This theory notes that bacteria arise spontaneously from non-living matter
Spontaneous Generation
Which theory did Louis Pasteur reject
Spontaneous Generation
What is Biogenesis
The hypothesis that living matter arises only from pre-existing living matter; it is the theory that is currently accepted.
what is fermentation?
a process where yeast converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
What is pasteurization
heat the milk/beer/wine which would kill all of the bacteria present and prevent spoilage
What is germ theory disease?
the belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease, on the basis that microbes alter the chemical and physical nature of organic material
Who developed the germ theory of disease and when?
Robert Koch 1881
What are Koch’s Postulates? (5)
1: Microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal.
2a. The microorganisms are grown in pure culture.
2b. The microorganisms are identified.
3. The microorganisms are injected into a healthy lab animal.
4. The disease is reproduced in a laboratory animal; microorganisms are isolated from this animal.
5a. The microorganisms are grown in pure culture.
5b. Identical microorganisms are identified.
who developed the small Small pox vaccine and when?
Edward Jenner 1798
based on people previously infected with cow pox were immune to cow pox
Who developed the idea of selective toxicity and when?
Paul Ehrlich 1908
What is selective toxicity?
The ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed
Which was the first anti-microbial discovered and who discovered it?
Paul Ehrlich discovered the first effective anti-microbial Salvarsan which was useful to cure syphilis without damaging host cells
Who discovered penicillin and when?
Alexander Fleming in 1929
Who first used microscope to see and describe individual cells?
Robert Hooke 1665
Who used the microscope to view live microbes called animalcules and when?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1684
Who used the swan neck flask experiment to disprove Spontaneous Generation and when?
Louis Pasteur 1864
