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HD Exam 1 > Lecture 2, Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 2, Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What body area provides structural and molecular support for stem cell renewal and differentiation?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

What general type of cells provide support & growth factors for HSC maintenance & differentiation?

A

Stromal cells

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of immune progenitor cells HSCs can differentiate into?

A

Common myeloid progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors

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4
Q

*Name 8 “cells” that the common myeloid progenitors (innate) can differentiate into.

A
  • Megakaryocyte (gives off platelets)
  • Erythrocyte
  • Mast cell (directly)
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages (from monocytes)
  • Dendritic cells (from monocytes)
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5
Q

*Name the 3 main cells that the common lymphoid progenitors (adaptive) can differentiate into.

A
  • T lymphocytes (helpers + killers)
  • B lymphocytes (can become plasma cell)
  • Natural killer cells
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6
Q

Naive lymphocytes reach lymph nodes from the __________, while antigens reach the lymph node from the ___________. They both return to the blood via the ___________.

A
  • blood
  • lymphatics
  • thoracic duct (enters left subclavian)
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7
Q

*Besides phagolysosomal formation, what 2 other mech can neutrophils use to destroy their enemy?

A
  • Degranulation

- NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps)

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8
Q

*What 4 substances do eosinophils release from their granules?

A
  • Major basic protein
  • Eosinophil collagenase
  • Leukotrienes
  • Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
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9
Q

What does major basic protein do?

A

Toxic to parasites + surrounding tissue; triggers mast cell histamine release

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10
Q

What do leukotrienes do when released by eosinophils?

A
  • Causes smooth muscle contraction to increased vascular permeability
  • Increased mucus secretion
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11
Q

What’s a dangerous side-effect of chronic activation of eosinophils during allergies?

A

Tissue remodeling (e.g. in chronic allergic asthma)

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12
Q

What are the major effects of mast cell degranulation?

A
  • Local increase in blood flow
  • Increased vascular permeability via smooth muscle constriction
  • Increased fluid and AB accumulation in tissue
  • Extravasation of immune cells
  • Increased flow of antigen in lymph to regional lymph nodes
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13
Q

What major issue could be caused by systemic mast cell degranulation? Skin only?

A
  • Systemic: anaphylaxis

- Local: urticaria (can be widespread)

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14
Q

T cells are formed in the ____________, B cells (and NK cells) are formed in the ___________.

A
  • thymus

- bone marrow

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15
Q

*Are NK cells part of the innate or adaptive response? How can you tell this from their receptors?

A

Innate

- Receptors are invariant

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16
Q

What types of cells prevent a viral infection from “going viral?”

A

NK cells (kill virally infected cells and contain them until T cells proliferate)

17
Q

Some of the principal molecules involved in HSC differentiation include _______ and _______ for common myeloid progenitors; ______ for common lymphoid progenitors.

A
  • IL‐3 and GM‐CSF

- IL‐7

18
Q

Some of the principal molecules involved in HSC differentiation include ______ for basophils.

A

IL-4

19
Q

Some of the principal molecules involved in HSC differentiation include ______ for neutrophils.

A

G-CSF

20
Q

Some of the principal molecules involved in HSC differentiation include ______ for eosinophils.

A

IL-5

21
Q

Some of the principal molecules involved in HSC differentiation include _____ and/or ______ for macrophages and monocytes.

A

GM-CSF and/or M-CSF

22
Q

Some of the principal molecules involved in HSC differentiation include ______ for DCs.

A

Flt3L

23
Q

A principal molecules involved in HSC differentiation includes ______ for T cells.

A

IL-2

24
Q

HSC niches consist of what 2 cell types?

A

Osteoblasts or sinusoidal endothelial cells

25
Q

HSCs return to the circulation is controlled in a ____________ manner.

A

circadian

26
Q

Explain the process of phagolysosome formation for a neutrophil.

A
  1. Bound pathogen (often bacterial) is engulfed & internalized: phagosome
  2. Phagosome is acidified
  3. Lysosomes fuse with phagosome
  4. Phagolysosome formation
  5. Enzymes & other antimicrobial substances are released & pathogen is destroyed
27
Q

What 2 types of granules can PMNs release, and how do they perform their functions?

A
  • Primary (azurophilic) granules- direct toxic/enzymatic activity
  • Secondary (specific) granules- free radical formation
28
Q

What are the 2 methods by which DC’s sample the environment?

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Macropinocytosis

29
Q

What is the main function of eosinophils?

A

Killing of parasites.

30
Q

How would you ID an eosinophil?

A

Bilobed nucleus, bright pink granules.

31
Q

How would you ID a neutrophil?

A

2-5 (3-4) lobed nucleus, Light-pink H&E staining granules that are electron-dense

32
Q

How would you ID a monocyte/macrophage?

A

Large cells with eccentrically-placed, vesicular nuclei

- Contain abundant amounts of lysosomes

33
Q

Besides being an APC, what else can monocytes/macrophages do?

A

Bacteriocidal mechanisms

34
Q

How would you ID a mast cell?

A

Large cells

  • Mononuclear
  • Very dark basophilic granules rich in histamine & heparin
35
Q

How would you ID a basophil? (rare)

A

2-3 poorly defined/obscured nuclear lobes

- Dark basophilic granules rich in histamine & heparin

36
Q

How would you ID an NK cell?

A

Large cells; mononuclear

- Distinctive granular cytoplasm

37
Q

How would you ID a naive T cell?

A

Small, mononuclear & transcriptionally quiescent with condensed chromatin & scant cytoplasm

HD Exam 1 (15 decks)

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