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Pathophysiology > Lecture 2 Cell To Injury and Inflammation (Upto Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Cell To Injury and Inflammation (Upto Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in disuse atrophy

A

Inactivity causes cells to loose actin/myosin contraction

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2
Q

What happens in denervation atophy

A

sympathetic outflow is gone (that normally maintains tone, low level muscle twitch)

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3
Q

What do the granules represent in macrophages during cell atophy

A

Degraded organelles

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4
Q

What type of atrophy is associated with scenilism?

A

Ischemic Atrophy

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5
Q

What process associated with atrophy is due to highly metabolic tissues not getting enough of what it needs?

A

Malnutrition

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6
Q

Ischemic atrophy is considered complete death, true or false, and why?

A

False, it is when oxygen supply to tissue is indequate but not quite zero! Cell is still alive, but not fully functional.

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7
Q

What is stipped of cells during atrophy in an effort to keep them alive?

A

Cell functionality

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8
Q

What exogenous mechanism can cause hormonal cell atrophy?

A

Exogenous hormones letting ACTH and letting the adrenals turn off. Adrenals will enter a type of disuse atrophy!

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9
Q

Hyperplasia is the increase in number of cells, in what example does hormonal hyperplasia occur?

A

Increased function of the tissue like with breast in pregnancy

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10
Q

What type of hyperplasia occurs when the liver regenerates after partial injury or loss?

A

Compensatory Hyperplasia

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11
Q

Endometriosis, BPH, and Wart formation under the influence of HPV are all examples of …?

A

Hyperplasia

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12
Q

Human Papilloma Virus causes wart formation with what type of Hyperplasia?

A

Local growth factor hyperplasia

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13
Q

What organ exhibits both hypertrophy and hyperplasia during a pathology?

A

The thyroid gland

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14
Q

Breast feeding lowers your risk of breast cancer because?

A

Breast feeding helps rid the body of a huge buildup of hormones that would otherwise contribute to cell function and proliferation

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15
Q

The replacement of on differentiated tissue by another is called?

A

Metaplasia

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16
Q

In chronic irritation, smokers normal bronchiole columnar epithelium can be irreversibly changed to what type of cell that has no cilia?

A

Squamos epithelium

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17
Q

In chronic irritation in GERD, acid can damage normal squamos epithelium in the esophagus and replace it with what type of cell?

A

Columnar epithelium (AKA Barret’s Esophagus…in attempt to protect from acid)

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18
Q

The presence of hematopoietic tissue outside of bone marrow (like in the liver or spleen)

A

Myeloid Metaplasia

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19
Q

When does mitochondrial swelling in cell damage become irreversible?

A

with the presence of amorphous bodies (denatured enzymes)

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20
Q

Are hydropic changes like cell swelling, presence of fatty vacuoles, and membrane outpouchings reversible, or irreversible changes?

A

Reversible

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21
Q

Is cell damage reversible or irreversible during ER swelling and disaggregation of ribosomes?

A

Reversible

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22
Q

Is disruption of the membrane, lysosomal rupture, and loss of ribosomes reversible or irreversible damage?

A

Irreversible

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23
Q

Does chromatin clumping occur in reversible or irreversible cell damage?

A

Reversible

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24
Q

What is the stage of DNA that is shown during irreversible cell damage?

A

Nuclear condensation (the whole nucleus shrinks)

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25
Q

Does the accumulation of lactate signal reversible or irreversible cell damage?

A

Reversible

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26
Q

Is the presence of myelin bodies a sign of reversible or irreversible cell damage?

A

Irreversible

27
Q

A set of specific changes in some cells of the living tissue/organ

A

Necrosis

28
Q

What is the most common type of cellular necrosis among most tissues?

A

Coagulative Necrosis (likely from ischemia, cell architecture is still preserved, but with nuclear changes)

29
Q

What type of cellular necrosis is due to bacterial infections, and ischemia in the CNS?

A

Liquefactive Necrosis (cell is completely digested and remnants are liquefied)

30
Q

What type of cellular necrosis is due to mycobacterial infection (TB) with a grossly appearing cheesy mass.

A

Caseous Necrosis

31
Q

What are some endogenous molecules that can signal apoptosis?

A

TNF, Hormones, dying mitochondrial enzymes

32
Q

What is the most damaging free radical that can influence apoptosis

A

Cytochromes (a mitochondrial protein that Heme attaches to)

33
Q

What is THE primary protein responsible for most apoptosis

A

Caspase (influenced by the release of cytochromes)

34
Q

What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis during cell death?

A

In apoptosis, organelles cleave into smaller apoptotic membrane bodies that are then consumed by phagocytes

35
Q

Is necrosis or apoptosis a result of an inflammatory response?

A

Necrosis

36
Q

what accumulates in the liver as a result of mismatch between production and removal of glycogen?

A

Fat (sugar is the precursor problem)

37
Q

What accumulates in the lungs that cannot be broken down or metabolized by the body?

A

Silicone (Silicosis) and Coal (Anthracosis)

38
Q

What 4 pigments can accumulate in the body leading to pathological changes? (Better Leave Me Here)

A
  1. Bilirubin
  2. Lipofuscin
  3. Melanin
  4. Hemosiderin
39
Q

Which of those 4 changes from greenish brown to black, and is the byproduct of the non-iron portion of the heme in RBC’s?

A

Bilirubin

40
Q

Which of those 4 is the only normal endogenous pigment, that is normally brown/black?

A

Melanin

41
Q

Which of those 4 pigments is golden-yellow to brown that accumulates in poor perfusion like Venous Stasis Dermatitis?

A

Hemosiderin

42
Q

Which of those 4 pigments is non-injurious to itself, but its presence may be a signal of oxidative stress?

A

Lipofuscin

43
Q

Precipitation of calcium salts in multiple tissues as a result of gross hypercalcemia is called?

A

Metastatic Calcification (free calcium that can precipitate as non-soluble calcium salt, in renal failure, vitamin D tox, or Pagets disease)

44
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

the excessive release of calcium in breast cancer or bone disease

45
Q

What type of calcification occurs from injured tissues?

A

Distrophic calcification

46
Q

What is distophic calcification initiated by?

A

Mitochondrial damage and death

47
Q

What common pathology in the heart leads to mitochondrial damage that then precipitates into calcium release?

A

Aortic valve defect (2 cusps instead of one, work harder, damage more and release Calcium)

48
Q

what is the pnemonic for the 6 leukocytes?

A

Never Let Me Eat Beats

49
Q

What does Never My Engine Blow stand for?

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

50
Q

What is the pnemonic for the percentages of the leukocytes?

A

Never Let My Engine Blow

60, 30, 6, 3, 0

51
Q

What of those 6 are granular?

Remember the guys name?

A

BEN

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

52
Q

What of those 6 are agranular?

A

Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Dendrite (and plasma cell)

53
Q

what does it mean to be a granular cell?

A

It has substances that can be released on demand to dissolve/neutralize intruders or dead self-cells

54
Q

Neutrophils (60%), are synthesized in bone marrow and are summoned to fight infection by what to thing?

A

The complement protein system, and substances released by microbes themselves (chemotaxic)

55
Q

What do neutrophil granules contain to fight bad guys?

A

Peroxidase, Alkaline/Acid Phosphatase, Defensins

56
Q

A high neutrophil presence typically signals what type of infection?

A

acute bacterial infection

57
Q

Neutrophils die by what mechanism?

A

Apoptosis (short life span too)

58
Q

Of the 4 stages of neutrophil development, you will usually see a normal mature “segmented” neutrophil…when will you see a immature stab or band form?

A

during major inflammation….”the battle is being lost, i know your young, there’s no time, just get out there and fight damnit”

59
Q

What deficiency will you see larger neutrophils?

A

B12 folic acid deficiency

60
Q

What will neutrophils look like in thrombocytic anemia?

A

Hypersegmented (more than 3 of those purple kidney bean shaped nucleus looking things)

61
Q

What leukocyte is characteristic during CHRONIC inflammation?

A

Macrophages

62
Q

Macrophages are a derivative of what Leukocyte?

A

Monocytes

63
Q

Monocytes mature in bone marrow, and travel to interstitial tissue where they become what?

A

Macrophages (they become sentinel little guys in the tissue but have a short half life)

64
Q

Where to large numbers of macrophages normally reside?

A

In mucous membranes (major points of entry for microbes)

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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