Lecture 2 Cell To Injury and Inflammation (Upto Quiz 1) Flashcards
What happens in disuse atrophy
Inactivity causes cells to loose actin/myosin contraction
What happens in denervation atophy
sympathetic outflow is gone (that normally maintains tone, low level muscle twitch)
What do the granules represent in macrophages during cell atophy
Degraded organelles
What type of atrophy is associated with scenilism?
Ischemic Atrophy
What process associated with atrophy is due to highly metabolic tissues not getting enough of what it needs?
Malnutrition
Ischemic atrophy is considered complete death, true or false, and why?
False, it is when oxygen supply to tissue is indequate but not quite zero! Cell is still alive, but not fully functional.
What is stipped of cells during atrophy in an effort to keep them alive?
Cell functionality
What exogenous mechanism can cause hormonal cell atrophy?
Exogenous hormones letting ACTH and letting the adrenals turn off. Adrenals will enter a type of disuse atrophy!
Hyperplasia is the increase in number of cells, in what example does hormonal hyperplasia occur?
Increased function of the tissue like with breast in pregnancy
What type of hyperplasia occurs when the liver regenerates after partial injury or loss?
Compensatory Hyperplasia
Endometriosis, BPH, and Wart formation under the influence of HPV are all examples of …?
Hyperplasia
Human Papilloma Virus causes wart formation with what type of Hyperplasia?
Local growth factor hyperplasia
What organ exhibits both hypertrophy and hyperplasia during a pathology?
The thyroid gland
Breast feeding lowers your risk of breast cancer because?
Breast feeding helps rid the body of a huge buildup of hormones that would otherwise contribute to cell function and proliferation
The replacement of on differentiated tissue by another is called?
Metaplasia
In chronic irritation, smokers normal bronchiole columnar epithelium can be irreversibly changed to what type of cell that has no cilia?
Squamos epithelium
In chronic irritation in GERD, acid can damage normal squamos epithelium in the esophagus and replace it with what type of cell?
Columnar epithelium (AKA Barret’s Esophagus…in attempt to protect from acid)
The presence of hematopoietic tissue outside of bone marrow (like in the liver or spleen)
Myeloid Metaplasia
When does mitochondrial swelling in cell damage become irreversible?
with the presence of amorphous bodies (denatured enzymes)
Are hydropic changes like cell swelling, presence of fatty vacuoles, and membrane outpouchings reversible, or irreversible changes?
Reversible
Is cell damage reversible or irreversible during ER swelling and disaggregation of ribosomes?
Reversible
Is disruption of the membrane, lysosomal rupture, and loss of ribosomes reversible or irreversible damage?
Irreversible
Does chromatin clumping occur in reversible or irreversible cell damage?
Reversible
What is the stage of DNA that is shown during irreversible cell damage?
Nuclear condensation (the whole nucleus shrinks)
Does the accumulation of lactate signal reversible or irreversible cell damage?
Reversible
Is the presence of myelin bodies a sign of reversible or irreversible cell damage?
Irreversible
A set of specific changes in some cells of the living tissue/organ
Necrosis
What is the most common type of cellular necrosis among most tissues?
Coagulative Necrosis (likely from ischemia, cell architecture is still preserved, but with nuclear changes)
What type of cellular necrosis is due to bacterial infections, and ischemia in the CNS?
Liquefactive Necrosis (cell is completely digested and remnants are liquefied)
What type of cellular necrosis is due to mycobacterial infection (TB) with a grossly appearing cheesy mass.
Caseous Necrosis
What are some endogenous molecules that can signal apoptosis?
TNF, Hormones, dying mitochondrial enzymes
What is the most damaging free radical that can influence apoptosis
Cytochromes (a mitochondrial protein that Heme attaches to)
What is THE primary protein responsible for most apoptosis
Caspase (influenced by the release of cytochromes)
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis during cell death?
In apoptosis, organelles cleave into smaller apoptotic membrane bodies that are then consumed by phagocytes
Is necrosis or apoptosis a result of an inflammatory response?
Necrosis
what accumulates in the liver as a result of mismatch between production and removal of glycogen?
Fat (sugar is the precursor problem)
What accumulates in the lungs that cannot be broken down or metabolized by the body?
Silicone (Silicosis) and Coal (Anthracosis)
What 4 pigments can accumulate in the body leading to pathological changes? (Better Leave Me Here)
- Bilirubin
- Lipofuscin
- Melanin
- Hemosiderin
Which of those 4 changes from greenish brown to black, and is the byproduct of the non-iron portion of the heme in RBC’s?
Bilirubin
Which of those 4 is the only normal endogenous pigment, that is normally brown/black?
Melanin
Which of those 4 pigments is golden-yellow to brown that accumulates in poor perfusion like Venous Stasis Dermatitis?
Hemosiderin
Which of those 4 pigments is non-injurious to itself, but its presence may be a signal of oxidative stress?
Lipofuscin
Precipitation of calcium salts in multiple tissues as a result of gross hypercalcemia is called?
Metastatic Calcification (free calcium that can precipitate as non-soluble calcium salt, in renal failure, vitamin D tox, or Pagets disease)
What is Paget’s disease?
the excessive release of calcium in breast cancer or bone disease
What type of calcification occurs from injured tissues?
Distrophic calcification
What is distophic calcification initiated by?
Mitochondrial damage and death
What common pathology in the heart leads to mitochondrial damage that then precipitates into calcium release?
Aortic valve defect (2 cusps instead of one, work harder, damage more and release Calcium)
what is the pnemonic for the 6 leukocytes?
Never Let Me Eat Beats
What does Never My Engine Blow stand for?
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
What is the pnemonic for the percentages of the leukocytes?
Never Let My Engine Blow
60, 30, 6, 3, 0
What of those 6 are granular?
Remember the guys name?
BEN
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
What of those 6 are agranular?
Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Dendrite (and plasma cell)
what does it mean to be a granular cell?
It has substances that can be released on demand to dissolve/neutralize intruders or dead self-cells
Neutrophils (60%), are synthesized in bone marrow and are summoned to fight infection by what to thing?
The complement protein system, and substances released by microbes themselves (chemotaxic)
What do neutrophil granules contain to fight bad guys?
Peroxidase, Alkaline/Acid Phosphatase, Defensins
A high neutrophil presence typically signals what type of infection?
acute bacterial infection
Neutrophils die by what mechanism?
Apoptosis (short life span too)
Of the 4 stages of neutrophil development, you will usually see a normal mature “segmented” neutrophil…when will you see a immature stab or band form?
during major inflammation….”the battle is being lost, i know your young, there’s no time, just get out there and fight damnit”
What deficiency will you see larger neutrophils?
B12 folic acid deficiency
What will neutrophils look like in thrombocytic anemia?
Hypersegmented (more than 3 of those purple kidney bean shaped nucleus looking things)
What leukocyte is characteristic during CHRONIC inflammation?
Macrophages
Macrophages are a derivative of what Leukocyte?
Monocytes
Monocytes mature in bone marrow, and travel to interstitial tissue where they become what?
Macrophages (they become sentinel little guys in the tissue but have a short half life)
Where to large numbers of macrophages normally reside?
In mucous membranes (major points of entry for microbes)
