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Pathophysiology > Lecture 1 Cell Reaction To Injury > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Cell Reaction To Injury Flashcards

1
Q

study of suffering

A

pathology

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2
Q

old fashioned term that use to include sins, evil spirits and gods along with other causative agents

A

cause

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3
Q

a summary of ALL factors leading to a diseased state, including predispositions and environmental influence

A

etiology

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4
Q

the mechanism of development of disease state

A

pathogenesis

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5
Q

structural alterations on cellular, tissue, and organ level

A

morphologic changes

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6
Q

symptoms and signs directly associated with a diseased state

A

clinical significance

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7
Q

homeostatic processes include adaptation to significant changes in what 3 phenomenons

A
  1. availability of the substrate
  2. physical condition
  3. accumulation of the waste
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8
Q

when cells manage to stay grossly functional we call that

A

adaptation

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9
Q

when the cells i dysfunctional but capable of getting back to the functional state this is called

A

reversible injury

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10
Q

when the cell cannot return to functional state

A

irreversible injury (cell death is imminent)

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11
Q

what 2 main stimuli lead to cell adaptation or injury

A
  1. change in demand

2. hypoxia

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12
Q

what are the three elements of “change in demand”

A
  1. workload
  2. hormonal stimulation
  3. nervous stimulation
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13
Q

what are the two types of hypoxia

A
  1. inadequate tissue oxygenation

2. inadequate blood oxygenation

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14
Q

what are the 3 causes of inadequate tissue oxygenation?

A
  1. ischemia
  2. hypovolemia
  3. heart failure
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15
Q

what are the 4 causes of inadequate blood oxygenation?

A
  1. Respiratory Injury
  2. Anemia
  3. CO Poisoning
  4. High Altitude
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16
Q

What is the main organelle hit in the cell during hypoxia

A

Mitochondria (and subsequently ATP production)

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17
Q

What metabolic pathway is still alive in cell hypoxia?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis, but it forms lactic acid, increasing anion gap, and dropping pH

18
Q

As a result of cellular hypoxia, the Na/K pump also dies allowing for what ions to move in what direction?

A

K leaves & Na/Calcium/H20 get in
(cell swells)
(protein synthesis also stops)

19
Q

chemical injury can alter what two cellular functions

A
  1. membrane permeability

2. co-factor/enzyme function

20
Q

besides mechanical injury, high body temperature does what inside the cell

A

denatures proteins

21
Q

low cell temperature does what inside the cell?

A

inactivates proteins

22
Q

ionizing UV radiation does what

A
  1. produces free radicals

2. damages DNA

23
Q

Give some sources of free radicals

A
  1. normal metabolic process
  2. from ionizing radiation
  3. enzyme degradation from pharm drugs
  4. Transitional metals (Iron, copper)
  5. Nitric Oxide (NO)
24
Q

Free radical presence can cause

A
  1. lipid peroxidation
  2. protein damage
  3. DNA damage
25
Q

Free radicals can be eliminated by….

A
  1. Antioxidants (vitamins, etc.)
  2. Natural decay
  3. Enzymes (that themselves become disabled)
  4. Special enzyme (Super Oxide Dismutase)
26
Q

what type of virus leads to cell death

A

Cytolytic (Adeno, HSV)

27
Q

what type of virus leads to proliferation of cells

A

Oncogenic (HPV, EBV)

28
Q

what are the 4 nutrients that if imbalanced, can lead to cell injury or adaptation

A
  1. calories
  2. proteins
  3. vitamins
  4. minerals
29
Q

what are the 2 immunological reactions to cell injury/adaptation

A

inflammation and autoimmune disease

30
Q

as we age, what occurs with cells

A

inability to repair, and effectively replicate

31
Q

failure of cell production

A

aplasia

32
Q

absence of organ or limb in fetal develope as a result of asplasia is called…?

A

agenesis

33
Q

later in life, absence of tissue is result of loss of what type of cell?

A

progenitor cells (bone marrow)

34
Q

what is the term for the less extreme aplasia, where there is a decrease in cell production

A

hypoplasia (usually due to lack of hormones, i.e. turners/kleinfelters)

35
Q

decrease in the size of the organ or tissue due to shrinking cell size

A

atrophy

36
Q

atrophy is an active and specific response, not just passive cell loss….true or false

A

true

37
Q

what does each cell undergo first in atrophy

A

decreased protein synthesis (some however are upregulated)

38
Q

which protein synthesis is upregulated in atrophy?

A

contractile proteins like ubiuitin and cortisol and thyroxine (insulin opposes these two)

39
Q

is gene expression altered in cell atrophy?

A

yes

40
Q

the cell decreases in its utilization of what food?

A

fats (hence lipid deposits in infarcted cardiomyosites)

41
Q

what new granule is present that now contains degraded organelles in atrophy?

A

autophagic granules

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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