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BIO 152 > Lecture 2- Cell Structure And Function > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Cell Structure And Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of proteins in a cell

A
  1. Enzymatic catalysis
  2. Transport e.g o2 with hemoglobin
  3. Structural role. Eg collagen, myosin, fibroin
  4. Immune defense response. Eg immune: protein antibodies and defense: snake venom
  5. Chemical messenger/ regulators
    Messengers: eg hormones
    Regulators: eg LacI
  6. Storage role- energy source
    Chemical eg Fe or O2
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2
Q

Classification of proteins (on the basis of shape)

What are the two types of proteins based on shape and give an example

A 
A) fibrous proteins- 3 main types 
1. Collagens e.g connective tissue 
2. Elastins (elastic tissue)
3. Keratins 
B) Globular proteins 
E.g hormones, immune proteins, transport proteins
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3
Q

Classification of proteins (on the basis of structure)

What are the 2 different structures of proteins, give an example

A

A) simple proteins (consists of amino acids)

B) conjugated proteins. Consists of a prosthetic group and a line of amino acids?

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4
Q 
Comparison of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Cell number 
Growth
Size
Genetic apparatus 
Organelles
Cell wall
A

Cell number:
Pro: unicellular
Euk: Uni- or multi-cellular
Growth:
Pro-Rapid
Euk-slow
Size:
Pro- small (0.5-3.0um)
Euk- larger (5-20um)
Genetic apparatus:
Pro- “nuclear region”’ no nuclear membrane, no nucleolus, no DNA-associated protein
Euk- nucleus, membrane bound, nucleolus, histone associated with DNA
Organelles:
Pro- no membrane-bound organelles, 70’s ribosomes
Euk- membrane-bound organelles, 80’s ribosomes
Cell wall:
Pro- polymeric structure containing muramic acid
Euk- if present lacks muramic acid

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5
Q 
Comparison of viruses and cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes):
Nucleic acids:
ATP synthesis: 
Machinery for protein synthesis:
Origin of new viroin or cell:
Limiting membrane:
A 
Nucleic acids:
Virus- DNA or RNA
Cell- DNA and RNA 
ATP synthesis: 
Virus-no
Cell-yes
Machinery for protein synthesis:
Virus- absent
Cell- present 
Origin of new viroin or cell:
Virus- synthesis by host 
Cell-fission, mitosis,or meiosis 
Limiting membrane:
Virus- absent 
Cell- present
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane

A

Function: selectively permeable barriers allows transfer of some compounds but not others
Structure: phospholipid bilayer with protein pores
-the phospholipid has a polar head and 2 non polar tails
Involved in cell to cell interaction
-has specific receptors for external stimuli, generation of signals
-process of endocytosis imports and exocytosis (exports molecules)

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus

A

Function: contains DNA baring chromosomes
-site of synthesis of RNA
-site of synthesis of components of ribosomes
Structure:
-enclosed in a nuclear envelope which has pores
-ribosomes, mRNA and enzymes move through these pores
-nucleolus which is site of synthesis of RNA and components to form ribosomes

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8
Q

What is cytoplasm and what is it for?

A

A semi-fluid substance in which organelles are suspended in

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9
Q

What is the function and structure of mitochondria?

A

Function: were aerobic respiration takes place

  • were the reactions of energy generation take place
  • the TCA cycle, fat oxidation , ATP generation
  • contains enzymes for all of these functions

Structure:

  • Surrounded by 2 membranes (inner and outer)
  • inner membranes fold into a series of cristae (the surface in which ATP is generated
  • enzymes in which are involved in the electron transport are located on it too
  • mitochondria contains own DNA
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10
Q

Ribosomes function and structure

A

Function: site of protein synthesis, were RNA is translated into proteins
-ribosomes move along strand of mRNA to form the new protein
Structure: consists of two subunits, one small and one large. The large one bonds the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum
-not surrounded by a membrane
-can be free ribosomes in cytoplasm in cytoplasm or in groups called ploysomes

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11
Q

Structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Function: roles in protein synthesis and protein transport
Structure: mesh of interconnected membranes, the internal space is called the lumen
-continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function and structure

A

Function: site of protein synthesis
Structure: covered with ribosomes

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function and structure

A

Function: involved in synthesis of lipids and steroids
-inactivation and detox of drugs and harmful compounds
Structure: no ribosomes attached

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus function and structure

A 
Function: 
-processes and packages proteins ready for secretion 
-synthesises complex polysaccharides
-vesicles arise from it 
Structure: 
Flattened stacks of membrane bound sacs
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15
Q

Secretory vesicles function and structure

A

Function: it packages proteins ready for secretion and other substances for export

  • vesicles move from Golgi region to cell membrane
  • fuse with cell membrane and discharge its contents to outside cell membrane
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16
Q

Lysosomes function and structur

A

Function: lysis of material
-means of storing hydrolases
Structure:
-surrounded by a single membrane so the eats g particles don’t have free rein = destruction

17
Q

Perixomes (micro bodies) function

A

Packages hydrogen peroxide safely in the cell

-protects cell from damaging effects of oxygen free radicals by products of cellular metabolism

18
Q

Features of a plant cell

What are the unique features of a plant cell?

A

Cell wall
Chloroplast
Single large vacuole (biggest part of the cell)

19
Q

Plant cell wall structure

A

-rigid wall external to plasma membrane
-wall contains cellulose fibres and hardening substances eg lignin
Give them rigid structure and steady

20
Q

Plant cell

Plastids function

A 
They are membrane bound organelles which photosynthetic eukaryotes
-storage organelles 
There are many types: 
1. Chloroplasts
2. Leukoplasts
3. Chromoplasts (give it colour)
21
Q

Plant cell

Chloroplasts structure and function

A

Structure: large organelles with double membrane
-have flattened, membranous sacs called thylakoids
Function :
-site of photosynthesis
-also contains their own DNA
-plants are green because of chlorofill in chloroplasts
-CO2 and h2O used to manufacture sugar

22
Q

Plant cell

Vacuoles function

A

a single large vacuole in most cells

  • role is to keep cell right size and store wastes
  • a single membrane called tonoplasts

BIO 152 (29 decks)

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