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BISC 307 > Lecture 2 - Blood Vessels and Pressure > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Blood Vessels and Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five blood vessels in the body?

A

artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

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2
Q

What is the relative mean diameters of each of the five blood vessels in the body?

A

artery- 4mm
arteriole - 30 um
capillary - 8 um - can fit on rbc
venule - 20 um
vein - 5mm

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3
Q

What do all blood vessles have?

A

an endothelial layer of cells

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4
Q

What blood vessles have a layer of smooth muscle?

A

arteries, arterioles, (NOT capillaries or veins smaller than 30 micrometers)venules and veins

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5
Q

What is a metaarteriole?

A

an arteriole with less smooth muscle which has precapillary sphincters which are smooth muscle which can constrict or dilate to cause blood flow to certain capillaries

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6
Q

What is arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

stagnant blood in the capillaries due to precapillary sphincters being constructed

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7
Q

What is vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

A

vasodilation - smooth muscle of arterioles is relaxed
vasoconstriction - smooth muscle of arterioles is constricted

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8
Q

What prevents a blood vessel from rupturing?

A

the connectuve tissue in the blood vessles which is made of collagen and it is thicker outside of arteries than veins because arteries are the pressure reserve while veins are the volume reserve of blood

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9
Q

What is laplace’s equation?

A

the wall tension (or force pulling walls apart) is proportional to the pressure inside the vessels times the radius of the vessels

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10
Q

What blood vessels is most likely to burst?

A

arteries because they have biggest radius and wall tension

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11
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

when an artery inflates

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12
Q

What happens in a subarachnoid hemmorhage?

A

the pressure in the subarachnoid space wil surpass that of the brian and the blood will flow into the brain and cause it to start dying

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13
Q

What is the pressure change in systemic circulation?

A

there is a continual drop in pressure that deeper you go into the vascular system

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14
Q

What does the pressure in the left ventricle fluctuate between?

A

0 and 120 because it is less elastic than the arteries and can completely relax between systole (isovolumic contraction) and diastole

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15
Q

What does the pressure fluctuate between in the large arteries?

A

-the large arteries have a lot of connective tissue surrounding them making them more elastic so the pressure only fluctuates between 120 and 80 - this is pulsing

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16
Q

Why does the greatest pressure drop happen in the arterioles?

A

bceause they have the smallest diameter and are surrounded by the most smooth muscle so they can vasodilate causing less resistance and the pressure drops

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17
Q

Is there pulsing in the capillaries?

A

no

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18
Q

What is the pressue in the vena cava?

A

a bit above zero so it can fill the right atrium which is at zero

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19
Q

What is the pressure in the right ventricle?

A

fluctuates between 0 and 30mmHg

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20
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries?

A

fluctuates between 20 and 30

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21
Q

What is the pressure in the small arteries and arterioles?

A

begins to falls due to vasodilation of arterioles

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22
Q

Is there pulsing in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

no

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23
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary vein?

A

a bit above zero so it can fill the left side of the heart

24
Q

What of the arteries dampens pressure pulses?

A

elasticity and compliance

25
Q

What is elasticity?

A

the tendency of the arteries to return back to their original shape after distortion

26
Q

What is compliance?

A

the ease of distortion by applied force the inverse of stiffness

27
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

reduces the elasticity and compliance of arteries

28
Q

What is the subtype of arteriosclerosis?

A

atherosclerosis and this is caused by atheromatous plaques (fatty) (cause a problem in brain and heart)

29
Q

What is the compliance and elasticity extent of arteries?

A

moderately compliant and highly elastic

30
Q

Why is aortic pressure never zero?

A

due to elasticity of the arteries

31
Q

What can cause arteriosclerosis?

A

stiffening of arteries due to calicum deposits via osteoblasts or crystals

32
Q

What can cause hypotension?

A

dehydration

33
Q

What can cause hypertension?

A

high sodium diet retain more water in blood due to osmotic gradient

34
Q

What are the three things that can regulate arteriolar resistance?

A
  1. myogenic autoregulation (stretch activated calcium channels)
  2. local and circulating hormones
  3. autonomic regulation via sympathetic
35
Q

What three chemicals cause vasoconstriction?

A

-norepinpehrine via alpha receptors
-vasopressin
-angiotensin II

36
Q

What is the role and source of the NT norepinephrine?

A

baroreceptor reflex; sympathetic neurons

37
Q

What is the role and source of the neurohormone vasopressin?

A

increases bp in a hemorrhage and is released by the post pit

38
Q

What is the role and source of the hormone angiotensin II?

A

it increases the blood pressure and it is a plasma hormone

39
Q

How does norepinephrine act in alpha receptors?

A

it binds to them and causes vasocontriction which increases the TPR and in response to the barorecepotr reflex so you do not pass out when you stand up

40
Q

What is another term for vassopressin and how doe it increase blood pressure in a hemorrhage?

A

ADH, released from the post pit, has the kidney retain water to increase blood volume and correct for hyperosmolarity by dehydration

41
Q

How does angiotensin II increase blood pressure as a blood plasma hormone?

A

causes vasoconstriction

42
Q

What are the seven vasodilators?

A

epinephrine (binding to beta receptors)
acetylcholine (via NO)
NO
adenosine
low oxygen high CO2 and high H+ and high extracellular potassium
histamine
natriuretic peptides like ANP

43
Q

What is the role and source of the neurohormone epinephrine?

A

increases blood flow to the skeletal muscle heart liver and is from the adrenal medulla

44
Q

What is the role and source of the NT acetylcholine?

A

from parasympathetic neurons and it causes erection of the clitoris or penis

45
Q

What is the role and source of the paracrine molecule NO?

A

it is a paracrine mediator secreted by the endothelium in blood vessels

46
Q

What is the role and source of the paracrine hormone adenosine?

A

increases blood flow to match metabolism and is released from hypoxic cells

47
Q

What is the role and source of the paracrine signals of low oxygen and high CO2 and high H+ and high K+?

A

increases blood flow to match metabolsim and comes from cell metabolism

48
Q

What is the role and source of the paracrine molecule histamine?

A

is secreted from mast cells and increases blood flow

49
Q

What is the role and source of the hormone or NT of natriuretic peptides lilke ANP?

A

reduce blood pressure and are from the atrial myocardium or the brain

50
Q

How does epinephrine cause vasodilation and increase blood flow to the skeletal muscle liver and heart?

A

it binds to beta 2 receptors and is a neurohormone whcih increases blood flow to the skeletal muscle heart and liver not the skin and not digestive organs or reproctive organs organs

51
Q

How does acetylcholine cause the erection of the penis and clitoris?

A

the cornoary arteries of the heart have parasympathetic innervation whcih causes the release of Ach and this causes the production of NO and this is a gaseous paracrine hormone which is repsonsible for erections but the vasodilation and the blood flowing into the erectile sex organs is responsible into sex organs

51
Q

Where does adenosine come from?

A

breakdown of ATP to ADP to AMP to adenosine so hypoxic metabolically active cells

52
Q

How does NO cause vasodilation in the heart?

A

it will be produced by their endothelial cells of coronary arteries increasing blood flwo to the heart via vasodliation (nitroglycerin tablets for people with chest pain or anginia)

52
Q
A
53
Q

How does histamine work?

A

released from mast cells and they are nonsepcific immune cells and this mediate inflmmation. by causing more blood flow to an inflammed area - acts locally

53
Q

What are natriuretic peptides and what do they do?

A

hormones or NTs and they are released from the heart atria and this stimulated sodium excretion so water follows it and this reduces the blood pressure and atrial muscle cells secrete this
-cause sodium excretion overall

BISC 307 (17 decks)

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