Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 2410 > Lecture 2- Biomolecules > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of ions and molecules that are essential for life? (4)

A

carbohydrates
nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleic acids
lipids
proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an organic molecule?

A

a molecule that contains carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a biomolecule?

A

organic molecule that is commonly associated with life (carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

CnH2n0n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are examples of carbohydrates?

A

glucose C6H12O6
ribose C5H10O5
cellulose
chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are 3 characteristics of carbohydrates?

A

most are hydrophilic
very abundant in nature
used for structure and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what biomolecule can be added to a molecule to modify it?

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many carbons do glucose have?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many carbons does ribose have?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does the different number of carbons alter the molecule?

A

the number of structural monomers increases rapidly with the increase in carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

are carbohydrates monomers or polymers?

A

Carbohydrates are a biological polymer made of monomers called monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why are monosaccharides considered to be simple sugars?

A

because they are the building blocks for large complex carbohydrates or sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why are we interested in nucleotides/ nucleosides?

A

because of their involvement in energy metabolism and signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does a nucleotide contain?

A

one or more phosphate groups
5- carbon sugar
carbon- nitrogen ring structure (nitrogenous base/ nucleobase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is DNA made up of?

A

nitrogenous bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine
uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is the nitrogenous base determined?

A

based on the structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are examples of nucleotides?

A

adenosine
adenosine triphosphate
cyclic AMP
guanosine triphosphate
cyclic GMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is adenosine?

A

a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is adenosine triphosphate?

A

(ATP) basic molecule of energy storage in most organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP?

A

important signaling molecule within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function of guanosine triphosphate?

A

energy source in many physiological chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do lipids contain?

A

mostly carbon and hydrogen
few oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are examples of lipids? (5)

A

fatty acids
glycerides
phospholipids and sphingolipids
steroids
oxylipins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 3 roles of lipids?

A

structure of cells
energy source
communication (within cells and between cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is meant by lipids having a role in structure of cells?

A

lipids are in cell membrane (phospholipids) and membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why is it good that lipids are hydrophobic?

A

waterproof and thus keeps insides in and outsides out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do fatty acids consist of?

A

long unbranched hydrocarbon chain (8-28 carbons)
has carboxyl functional group (ACIDIC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and form a straight chain
unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and have a kink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does it mean if a fatty acid has more double bonds

A

its unsaturated and is less likely to be a solid at room temperature (it will remain an oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does a glyceride consist of?

A

fatty acid + glycerol (3 carbons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when a fatty acid and a glycerol make glyceride what happens?

A

looses a water (H2O) molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the difference between a monoglyceride, diglyceride and triglyceride?

A

monoglyceride: glycerol + 1 fatty acid
diglyceride: glycerol + 2 fatty acids
triglyceride: glycerol + 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does a phospholipid consist of?

A

diglyceride (glycerol + 2 fatty acids)
phosphate
variable “R” group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

is the variable “R” group in a phospholipid polar or non-polar?

A

polar group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

phospholipids are amphipathic, what does that mean?

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

is hydrophilic polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

is hydrophobic polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the 3 arrangements of phospholipids?

A

phospholipid bilayer
micelles
aqueous center
(lecture 2, slide 22)

41
Q

what is the difference between a phospholipid and a sphingolipid?

A

sphingolipids have sphingosine
phospholipids have glycerol
(other than that this is the only difference)

42
Q

what is the difference between a phospholipid and a glycolipid/ glycophospholipid?

A

glycolipids have a carbohydrate attached to the “R” group
phospholipids dont have a carbohydrate

43
Q

what does a glycosphingolipid consist of?

A

fatty acid
sphingosine
carbohydrate

44
Q

what is the basic structure of steroids?

A

3 six- carbon rings
1 five- carbon ring

45
Q

in steroids what do different “R” groups cause?

A

different function

46
Q

what do steroids do? what do they play a role in?

A

communication and cell structure

47
Q

what are oxylipins?

A

oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids

48
Q

where do eicosanoids originate from?

A

oxylipins (eicosanoids are a subset of oxylipins)

49
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids
have 20 carbon atoms!

50
Q

where are many oxylipins derived from?

A

fatty acid
arachidonic acid (type of fatty acid)
other unsaturated fatty acids

51
Q

are oxylipins stored?

A

not generally, but they are synthesized as needed

52
Q

what is the main function of oxylipins?

A

communication within cells and between cells

53
Q

what type of molecules are proteins?

A

macromolecules

54
Q

what are macromolecules?

A

Macromolecules are made up of single units known as monomers that are joined by covalent bonds to form larger polymers

55
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

linear chains of amino acids

56
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

57
Q

how many amino acids are essential?

A

9

58
Q

how do we gain these essential amino acids?

A

consume them

59
Q

why are 11 amino acids not essential?

A

we can synthesize them

60
Q

are amino acids diverse? why/

A

yes, because theres a lot of them and because some are acidic, basic, polar, non-polar, bulky or small

61
Q

what is a short chain of amino acids called?

A

a peptide

62
Q

what is a long chain of amino acids called?

A

proteins

63
Q

proteins have complex structures, what are the 4 structures?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

64
Q

how is the structure of the amino acid determined?

A

by the sequence of amino acids that make them up (sequence is encoded in the genome)

65
Q

what is a primary structure?

A

sequence of amino acids

66
Q

what are two forms of the secondary structure?

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheets

67
Q

proteins are the tools of cells and are very versatile, in a given mammalian cell how many different proteins might be expressed?

A

10,000 - 15,000

68
Q

what is the difference between fibrous proteins and globular proteins?

A

fibrous proteins are insoluble
globular proteins are soluble

69
Q

there are 7 categories of soluble proteins, what are they?

A

enzymes
membrane transporters
signal molecules
receptors
binding proteins
regulatory proteins
immunoglobulins

70
Q

function of enzymes

A

help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

71
Q

function of membrane transporters

A

catalyzes the translocation of solutes

72
Q

function of signal molecules

A

transmit information between cells

73
Q

function of receptors

A

detect the signals and then send them to the brain in the form of electrical signals

74
Q

function of binding proteins

A

regulate many cellular processes

75
Q

function of regulatory proteins

A

regulates other biological processes

76
Q

function of immunoglobulins

A

protecting against bacteria, viruses, and fungi (recognize parts inside our bodies that arent supposed to be there

77
Q

in order for a protein to do something, what does it need to interact with?

A

other proteins, molecules or ions by binding or interacting

78
Q

what is a molecule that binds to a protein binding site called?

A

ligand

79
Q

what is an endogenous ligand?

A

something natural in your body, example is hormone or neurotransmitter

80
Q

what would non- endogenous be?

A

a drug or toxin

81
Q

a protein binds a ligand with affinity, what would high and weak affinity mean?

A

high: binds strongly
weak: weak binding

82
Q

what would the agonist (good guy) be in light of a ligand?

A

a ligand that binds to a protein binding site and alters the state of the protein
ex. hormone or drug

83
Q

what would an antagonist (bad guy) be in light of a ligand?

A

a ligand that reduces the action of an agonist
also called inhibitors or blockers

84
Q

agonists and antagonists may be competitive, what does that mean?

A

acts to block the agonist (good) at its normal binding site

85
Q

agonists and antagonists may be allosteric, what does that mean?

A

acts to block a competitive agonist by binding to the protein away from the binding site and inactivate the binding site

86
Q

what 5 factors alter protein binding?

A

isoforms
cofactors
activation/ protein processing
physical factors (pH, temperature)
modulation

87
Q

what are examples of covalent modification or modulation?

A

phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
addition of lipid or carbohydrate
agonist/ antagonist

88
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

enzyme transfers (adds) a phosphate onto one of the amino acid side chains of a protein

89
Q

how was glycogen metabolism regulated?

A

by the addition or removal of a phosphate

90
Q

how many proteins in a mammalian cell are covalently bound to phosphate?

A

one third

91
Q

what charge do phosphates have?

A

negative

92
Q

what do phosphates being negatively charged have to do with their addition to a protein?

A

the negative phosphate will change the characteristics of the protein (causes the protein to change how it is structured)

93
Q

how can the transfer of phosphates onto proteins be catalyzed?

A

by a variety of enzymes called protein kinases

94
Q

what enzymes are responsible for the reverse reaction in which phosphates are removed from a protein?

A

protein phosphatases

95
Q

what are the 3 advantages of phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation of a protein as a control mechanism/

A

it is rapid
does not require new proteins to be made or degraded
easily reversible

96
Q

what does the reception of a signal on the surface of a cell result in?

A

the activation of kinases and phosphatases

97
Q

does phosphorylation cause activation or inhibition?

A

can cause both

98
Q

who won the nobel prize for discovering phosphorylation and dephosphorylation? (2)

A

edwin krebs and edmond fisher 1992

Physiology 2410 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions