Lecture 2 AI Flashcards
What are the four stages of drug administration?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
List the routes of drug administration.
- Oral
- Rectal
- Topical
- Parenteral (Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneously)
- Inhalation
What is the importance of lipid solubility in drug distribution?
Important factor in how well a drug can be distributed in the body
Define pharmacokinetics.
How the body processes the medication
Define pharmacodynamics.
How the body responds to the medication
What are the two types of neuronal transport?
- Anterograde
- Retrograde
What is the process of neurogenesis?
The process of generating new neurons
What occurs during synaptogenesis?
Formation of synapses between neurons
True or False: Neuronal death can occur via apoptosis or necrosis.
True
Name the key neurotransmitters categorized as amines.
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Norepinephrine (NE)
- Dopamine (DA)
- Acetylcholine (ACh)
What are the main amino acid neurotransmitters?
- Glutamate (stimulating)
- Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA) (inhibiting)
What is co-transmission in neurotransmission?
Neurotransmitter transported with another substance
Identify the three primary types of retrograde neurotransmission.
- Endocannabinoids (EC)
- Nitric Oxide (NO)
- Neurotrophic factors (e.g., NGF)
What is a signal transduction cascade?
A series of chemical exchanges/steps between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
What role do second messengers play in signal transduction?
They activate further signaling pathways within the cell
Fill in the blank: The first messenger in neurotransmission is the _______.
[neurotransmitter]
What is the function of CREB in gene expression?
CREB is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression
What happens during transcription?
DNA is converted into messenger RNA (mRNA)
Define translation in the context of protein synthesis.
mRNA is translated into a protein by ribosomes
What do kinases do in signal transduction?
Attach phosphate groups to proteins
What do phosphatases do?
Remove phosphate groups from proteins
Identify the two types of gene expression.
- Early (fast) genes
- Late (slow) genes
What is upregulation in neurotransmission?
Increased sensitivity of neurons
What is downregulation in neurotransmission?
Decreased sensitivity of neurons
What is the role of kinases in signal transduction?
Attach phosphate groups
Kinases are enzymes that modify other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups.
What do phosphatases do in signal transduction?
Remove phosphate groups
Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, reversing the action of kinases.
What is the first messenger in the ion-channel linked system?
Neurotransmitter
The first messenger is the molecule that binds to the receptor to initiate the signal transduction pathway.
What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor in the ion-channel linked system?
Changes ion-channel construction
This binding leads to a conformational change in the ion channel, affecting its permeability.
What is the second messenger in the ion-channel linked system?
Calcium
Calcium ions act as a secondary messenger, relaying signals from the first messenger to elicit a cellular response.
What does calcium activate in the ion-channel linked pathway?
CaMK
Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) is activated by calcium and plays a key role in signaling.
What is the third messenger in the ion-channel linked system when calcium is involved?
CaMK
CaMK is considered a third messenger due to its role in further propagating the signal within the cell.
What is the effect of activating CREB?
Upregulation of gene expression
CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a transcription factor that increases the transcription of specific genes.
What happens when calcium activates Calcineurin?
De-activation of CREB
Calcineurin, a phosphatase, can dephosphorylate CREB, leading to decreased gene expression.
True or False: Kinase A and CaMK can activate CREB.
True
Both Kinase A and CaMK are involved in signaling pathways that lead to the activation of CREB.
What are the major components of signal transduction cascades?
Key neurotransmitters, kinases, phosphatases, and gene expression
These components work together to transmit signals from receptors to cellular responses.
Fill in the blank: The system that involves changes in ion-channel construction due to neurotransmitter binding is called the _______.
Ion-channel linked system
This system is crucial for rapid cellular responses to neurotransmitter signals.
