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Physics exam 2 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition: a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness, the thermal state of an object

A

temperature

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2
Q

Definition: thermal energy

A

Heat

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3
Q

quantitative measure of thermal energy

A

temperature

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4
Q

Measurement scales for temperature:

A

Celcius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin

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5
Q

Definition: Heat energy transfer from higher concentration or hotter to lower concentration or less hot

A

heat loss

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6
Q

What physiologic mechanism prevents heat loss?

A

vasoconstriction

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7
Q

What in anesthesia promotes heat loss?

A

vasodilation, induction of GA

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8
Q

Definition: body’s increased heat loss due to vasodilating effects of volatile anesthetic agents and regional anesthetics

A

core temperature redistribution

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9
Q

Blood flow redistribution to the body’s surface promotes heat loss by 4 processes:

A

– Radiation
– Conduction
– Convection
– evaporation

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10
Q

Vasodilating effects of anesthetics can cause rapid temp reduction with greatest decrease in ____ (time frame)

A

1 hour

first hour

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11
Q

Definition: In areas where blood flow is the highest there is a tendency for infrared electromagnetic heat transfer

A

radiation

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12
Q

The greater the blood flow to _____ (body part) the greater the heat loss due to radiation

A

head

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13
Q

Definition: Heat loss from one object to another by way of direct contact

A

conduction

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14
Q

How do we mitigate heat loss via conduction in anesthesia?

A

warm blankets, Bair hugger

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15
Q

Definition: Heat creates air currents. The body transfers kinetic energy to the circulating air molecules on the skin’s surface

A

Convection

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16
Q

Definition: Along the skin’s surface a phase change occurs from liquid to gas (vapor) and the body losses heat for this reaction to occur

A

Evaporation

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17
Q

Source of heat needed for evaporation comes from:

A

surrounding environment

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18
Q

Which of the 4 processes of core temp redistribution is NOT a significant source of heat loss?

A

evaporation

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19
Q

How to reduce evaporative heat loss?

A

HME

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20
Q

when you exhale, you lose heat via which process?

A

evaporation

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21
Q

Amount of heat energy per unit mass required to convert a liquid into the vapor phase

A

latent heat of vaporization

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22
Q

How many joules are required to convert 1 gram H2O to vapor?

A

2500 J

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23
Q

Identify the processes that produce the greatest heat loss (select two)

  • Evaporation
  • Convection
  • Conduction
  • Radiation
A

Radiation and convection

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24
Q

The process of converting solids or liquids to vapor

requires heat energy

A

Vaporization

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25
Q

Boiling point

A

At a given pressure the temp at which the bulk of a liquid turns to vapor

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26
Q

What happens to temperature after it reaches boiling point?

A

does not increase, but the additional heat energy is used for the phase change from liquid to gas.

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27
Q

What makes vapor pressure?

A

Gas that escapes the liquid

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28
Q

How are boiling point and vapor pressure related?

A

inversely

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29
Q

Liquids with high vapor pressures are called:

A

volatile liquids

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30
Q

VP of Iso at STP:

A

238 mmHg

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31
Q

VP of Sevo at STP:

A

160 mmHg

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32
Q

VP of Des at STP:

A

660 mmHg

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33
Q

What is STP?

A

standard temp and pressure

273.15 K or 0C

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34
Q

What happens when sevoflurane is mistakenly added to the isoflurane vaporizer?

A

LHL

Output will be a lower concentration risk of awareness

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35
Q

What happens when Desflurane is mistakenly added to the sevoflurane vaporizer?

A

HLH
Output will be a higher concentration
risk HD instability, over sedation, hypotension, death

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36
Q

any substance that can flow and alter its shape continuously

A

fluids

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37
Q

fluid that resists compression:

A

liquid

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38
Q

fluid that compresses and expands:

A

gas

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39
Q

both liquid and gas are considered:

A

fluids

40
Q

3 forces that affect fluid mechanics:

A

gravity
pressure
friction

41
Q

Measures a fluids resistance to flow

A

viscosity

42
Q

Highly viscous fluids flow:

A

NOT easily

43
Q

Low viscosity fluids flow:

A

easily/readily

44
Q

Where along a pipe/blood vessel do the molecules move the slowest?

A

the wall/edge

45
Q

Where along the pipe do the molecules move the quickest

A

the center (less friction)

46
Q

What is requiredto initiate and maintain flow of a fluid?

A

force

47
Q

What is force due to? (in fluid mechanics)

A

a pressure difference along the length of pipe

48
Q

Describe laminar flow:

A
  • smooth and orderly
  • particles move parallel to the walls of the tube
  • flow is fastest in the center of the tube, where there is less friction.
49
Q

Describe turbulent flow:

A
  • disorderly
  • Particles do NOT move
    parallel to the walls of the
    tube
  • flow rate is the same across the diameter of the tube
50
Q

In which flow is the flow rate the same across the diameter of the tube?

A

turbulent

51
Q

Which flow contains Eddies?

A

Turbulent flow

52
Q

what are eddies?

A

composed of

particles moving across or opposite the general direction of flow

53
Q

Which law describes laminar flow mathematically?

A

Poiseuille’s law

54
Q

According to Poiseuilles law, what has the most dramatic effect on flow?

A

radius

55
Q

In Poiseuille’s law, rate of flow is ______ proportional to the length of the tube and viscosity

A

inversely

56
Q

According to Poiseuilles law, doubling the radius will increase the flow:

A

16 fold

57
Q

According to Poiseuilles law, if viscosity increases, what happens to flow?

A

decreases

58
Q

How is Poiseuilles law used in blood administration?

A

large bore IV (increase radius)
pressure bag/taller IV pole (increase pressure gradient)
dilute with NaCl/run through warmer (decrease viscosity)
short tubing (decrease length)

59
Q

Formula for Poiseuilles law

A

Q = [pi x R^4 x changeP] / 8 x n x L

60
Q

What flow is common in medium to large airways?

A

turbulent flow

61
Q

What flow is common in small bronchial tubes?

A

laminar

62
Q

Reynolds number less than 2000 indicates:

A

laminar flow

63
Q

Reynolds number greater than 4000 indicates:

A

turbulent flow

64
Q

Reynolds number 2000-4000 indicates:

A

transitional flow

65
Q

Which law describes laminar flow?

A

Poiseuilles law

66
Q

Which law describes turbulent flow?

A

Graham’s law

67
Q

laminar flow is dependent on what quality of fluid?

A

viscosity

68
Q

Definition: As flow of fluid passes through a narrowing in a tube, the velocity of flow increases and there is a decrease in pressure at the narrowed area

A

Bernoulli’s principle

69
Q

Definition: As airflow in a tube moves past a point of constriction, the pressure at the constriction drops and if it falls bellow atmospheric pressure then air is entrained into the tube

A

Venturi effect

70
Q

What principles does the Venturi mask combine?

A

Bernoulli and Venturi

71
Q

The amount of room air drawn in to dilute oxygen in a Venturi mask/system is determined by:

A

the size of the orifice

72
Q

When a pipe is contracted, what happens to velocity and pressure?

A

increase in velocity, decrease in pressure

73
Q

Definition: Describes the tendency of fluid flow to follow the curved surface when emerging from a constriction.

A

Coanda effect

74
Q

At the widening of the tube beyond the constriction, pressure _____ and flow _____

A

pressure increases and flow decreases/slows

75
Q

Which principle/effect?
If there is a bifurcation that delays the higher pressure it will attract the greater percentage of total flow and higher volume of liquid or gas toward its path

A

Coanda effect

76
Q

Describes turbulent flow mathematically

A

Graham’s law

77
Q

Definition: Turbulent flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure gradient on either side of the tube and inversely proportional of the fluid to the density

A

Graham’s law

78
Q

The number of molecules within a given volume

A

Density

79
Q

Measurement of intermolecular forces (friction that dictate flow)

A

Viscosity

80
Q

Low FGF in a Thorpe tube favors which flow pattern?

A

laminar

81
Q

High FGF in a Thorpe tube favors which flow pattern?

A

turbulent

82
Q

Turbulent flow is dependent on what quality of fluid?

A

density

83
Q

Describes relationship of wall tension (T) to pressure and radius in spheres and cylinders

A

Law of LaPlace

84
Q

Increasing radius leads to what change in tension?

A

increase

85
Q

Increasing pressure leads to what change in tension?

A

increase

86
Q

What law explains why larger blood vessels and aneurysms may burst under extreme increases in BP and capillaries do not.

A

Law of LaPlace

87
Q

How does increased wall thickness impact tension?

A

increasing wall thickness REDUCES tension

88
Q

Why do ventricles get hypertrophic/remodel in hypertensive patients?

A

Law of Laplace, ventricles constantly need to overcome afterload, the tension in the ventricle needs to be greater, so ventricle develops wall tension
ventricle increases wall thickness over time to try to reduce the stress on ventricle wall

89
Q

T/F: Large alveoli have more surfactant

A

false. all alveoli have same amount of surfactant

90
Q

Large alveoli have ____ concentration of surfactant

A

less/lower

91
Q

small alveoli have ______ concentration of surfactant

A

more/greater

92
Q

Peak surfactant development at what gestation?

A

35-36 weeks

93
Q

Which Law describes why we are more concerned with large vessels rupturing with changes in BP?

A

Law of Laplace

94
Q

Pushing force:

A

pressure

95
Q

Pulling force:

A

tension

Physics exam 2 (3 decks)

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